Banking "Holiday"
-FDR shuts down all banks to prevent "panic" withdrawal of money
Emergency Banking Relief Act
-Govt. inspects all banls. Allows banks that are "sound" to reopen. Gave loans to banks that were unable to pay their debts
Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933
-sets up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). The government insures all bank accounts up to $5000.
Federal Securities Act
-Requires corporations to provide complete and honest information on all stocks. Set up the Securities Exchange Commission to police and regulate the stock market.
21st Amendment
-Repeals prohibition. Allows the government to make money taxing alcohol sales
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
-Pays farmers not to farm. Less crops=higher prices. Puts more money in farmer's pockets.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
-Puts young men to work (18-25) in work camps. Plant trees to prevent another Dust Bowl.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
-Millions of jobs on govt. projects
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
-Construction jobs building bridges and buildings
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
-Food and clothing to the unemployed- "direct relief"
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
-Regulated industries to insure fair practices with workers and fair competition. Establishes standards for fair working conditions. Sets up the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to police industries.
The Second New Deal
The First New Deal is widely popular.
Midterm elections
- Democrats win big in 1934 Roosevelt launches the-"Second Hundred Days" legislation
Second New Deal
-The First New Deal did not cure the depression. The Second New Deal was created to help the farmer, worker, and "forgotten man".
Democrats win
- Eleanor Roosevelt- advocates for poor people, women and minorities. Overwhelming victory in 1936 HR 331 to 89; S 76 to 16
New AAA
--Helping farmers
- First AAA struck down by Supreme Court
-New AAA seeks similar aid to farmers as the old AAA. Also seeks to help sharecroppers, migrant workers, and poor farmers resettle on productive farmland.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
What it did: Sought to solve the problem of unemployment by creating as many jobs as possible as quickly as possible. Also employed professionals: Teachers
Artists
Musicians
National Youth Administration (NYA)
What it did: sought to provide aid and employment for young people...highly successful.
Wagner Act
What it did: Sought to protect workers
-40 hour work week
-ban on child labor
-collective bargaining is provided for- (supporting unions)
-Set up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)- to monitor unfair labor practices
Social Security Act
-Sought to provide aid and benefits to needy Americans
-old age insurance for retirees 65 or over
-unemployment compensation
-aid for blind, crippled, needy, elderly, and mothers with dependent children
Rural Electrification Admin.
-Sought to bring electricity to rural areas
Public Utilities Holding Company Act
-Sought to control corruption in the public utility industry
New Deal Under ATTACK!
Liberal critique
-The New Deal doesn't go far enough to help the poor and change the economic system
Conservative critique
-The New Deal-allows too much government control of business and interference with the free market
The Supreme Court
-declares the NIRA unconstitutional!
-Court packing-Roosevelt tries to add six new Supreme Court judges to get the "court on his side" Congress refuses to allow this.
-FDR is accused of trying to be a dictator
-Later FDR appoints 7 new judges after older judges resign
Leaders who challenge FDR
-Father Coughlin-Catholic priest who spoke on the radio about justice for the poor
Dr. Francis Townsend-Sought better care for the elderly
-Huey Long-Senator who wanted to become president. "Share the Wealth" Program
The New Deal Affects Many Groups
Women
+ On the positive side:
Women appointed to key government positions-secretary of labor- ambassador-federal judges
Discrimination
-On the negative side:
NRA wage levels lower for women
FERA, CWA hire 1 woman for every 10 men
CCC; no women hired
Women gradually work outside the home more often
New Deal Affects Many People
African Americans
-Mary McLeod Bethune organizes "Black Cabinet" to advise FDR
-Eleanor Roosevelt plays a key role in opening doors for African Americans
-Roosevelt does not support anti-lyching and anti poll tax laws
-doesn't want to alienate southern democrats
Most African Americans still consider FDR their best choice for president
Roosevelt does not support anti-lynvhing
Mexican Americans
-receive fewer benefits than African Americans
-Discriminated against by CCC and WPA
-500,000 Mexican Americans deported in the 1930s
-Mexican Americans still support FDR and the New Deal
Native Americans
-John Collier, comissioner of Indian affairs, creates Indian reorganization act of 1934
-reservation lands are protected and restored to Native American tribal ownership
Labor
-labor unions supported by the Wagner Act
-the number of union members increases greatly
-some strikers are settled with violence
Urban Population
*New Deal Programs- labor laws and work relief programs help urban poor
-FDR also supported by urban religious, ethnic groups, and political organizations
New Deal Coalition
*Women, African Americans, urban groups, workers, southern democrats, Mexican Americans
New Deal Legacy
Deficit Spending
- The government can create jobs and help the economy by taking the risk of spending even more money that it has.
National Labor Relations
- Board-protects workers. Mediates complaints and disputes between workers and owners. Workers have the right to organize unions and bargain with employers
- Securities exchange commission-minorities and polices the stock market
Federal Deposit Insurance
- Corporation-insures bank accounts up to $100,000. Keeps banks stable
- Social Security Act-provides old age insurance, unemployment insurance, aid to families with dependent children, aid to the disabled "safety net"
Tennessee Valley Authority
- New Deal (environmental problems) programs aid to help the environment and prevent soil erosion, the TVA polluted the environment through
