U.S. History CH. 22 Notes

The Vietnam War

Early 1900's
*France controls Vietnam and takes their resources


1930's
*Ho Chi Minh begins to lead Communist revolts against the French


1940-1945
*Japan invades and controls Vietnam in WWII


1945
*France takes over again after Japanese lose WWII


1954
*Vietnamase Communists and Nationalists defeat the French in a major battle at Dien Bien Phu


United States
*Supports France to stop Communism


Geneva Peace Conference (1954)
*Divide Vietnam in half at 17 degrees north latitude


Ho Chi Minh
*Rules North Vietnamn as a Communist dictator


Ngo Dinh Diem
*Rules South Vietnam as a dictator, supported by U.S. & France









The Beginning of U.S. Involvement in Vietnam

1950
*President Truman gives:
-$15 million aid to help French control Vietnam
-$2.6 billion over the next four years


1953
*President Eisenhower:
-Continues U.S. policy of giving aid to the French
-Domino theory-if we lose one country we may lose all the countries in Southeast Asia


1961
*President Kennedy:
-Supports Ngo Dinh Diem's government
-Increases aid to South Vietnam
-Sends in 16,000 "military advisors"


1964
*President Johnson:
-Believes politically and strategically that the U.S. cannot let Vietnam become communist

-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:Congress grants Johnson the power to use "all necessary measures" to repel attacks on the U.S. in Vietnam


1965
*50,000 U.S. troops are fighting in Vietnam









The Vietnam War

U.S.S.R. (Military aid, no troops)

China (Military aid, no troops)

North Korea (Ho Chi Minh)

Viet Cong (National Liberation Front)
-guerilla fighters seeking to take over South Vietnam


WAR


South Vietnam (Ngo Dinh Diem)


United States (troops and military aid)

American Troops in Vietnam
-1963-16,500
-1965-161,000
-1966-400,000
1967-475,000
-1968-536,000









The Vietnam War

Communist Vietcong from the north
*Used guerilla warfare to take over S. Vietnam


1950s-early 60s
*U.S. sends in military "advisors" to help South Vietnam


Aug.1964
*U.S. President Johnson claims North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships. U.S. begins to send in troops


1968
*U.S. has 500,000 troops in Vietnam


Vietnamese people
*Support the Vietcong


Vietnam war
*Becomes unpopular in U.S.


1969
*President Nixon begins pulling U.S. troops out


1973
*Last U.S. troops out

Deaths in the war
*Americans-58,000
Vietnamese-1.5 million









The Vietnam War


Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution (1964)
-President Johnson claims the North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships

-Congress grants the President the authority to use "all necessary means" in Vietnam



Selective Service
-The Vietnam War had a draft. College students and others could get special deferments

-The Vietnam War was fought mainly by 10 year-old, minority, "lower/working class" males


-Most of the soldiers who fought were not old enough to vote



Demonstrations/Protests
-The nation was sharply divided over whether the U.S. should be in Vietnam

-Students and young Americans staged huge Anti-war demonstrations



My Lai Massacre
-Many Vietnamese villagers fought for the Vietcong at night

-The soldiers couldn't tell who was an enemy and who wasn't

-U.S. soldiers lined up and massacred more than 100 Vietnamese villagers, mostly women and children









Turbulent Times

Nov. 22, 1963-President Kennedy Assassinated


July 2, 1964-Civil Rights Act of 1964


1964-1968-Race riots-Hundreds of riots in American cities



Blacks angry at:
*Police brutality
*No jobs
*Slum living conditions
*De facto segregation


Tet Offensive-U.S. loses hope of winning Vietnam War

April 3, 1968-Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated

June 1968-Presidential Candidate Robert Kennedy assassinated

1968-Vietnam War-500,000 U.S. soldiers-more than any year

August 1968-Huge violent demonstrations at Democratic National Convention-Chicago

May 4, 1970-4 students killed in anti-war. Demonstrations at Kent. State









The End of the Vietnam War

Tet Offensive
*North Vietnamese Communists launch a surprise offensive against South Vietnam
-U.S.-3,000 killed
-Vietcong-32,000 killed
-U.S. loses hope of ever winning the war


President Nixon

Vietnamization --> Gradual troop pullout

"Peace with honor"=Paris Peace Talks and massive bombings

April 30, 1970-Invasion and bombing of Cambodia ->Protests on 1200 college campuses -> Kent State massacre-4 students killed by National Guard.
Jan 23rd. 1973-Peace Agreement
March 1973-Last U.S. troops out of Vietnam


After the war
*North Vietnamese take over all of South Vietnam after U.S. troops leave-May 1975

-Many who fought against communist are put to death

-400,000 put in labor camps

-1.5 million South Vietnamese leave the country

-over 50,000 killed in boats trying to escape


Cambodia
*U.S. bombs Cambodia during the war because Vietcong are hiding there

-Communist Khmer Rouge govt. takes over

-Khmer Rouge puts to death 1/4 of the population: 2 million killed

U.S. History CH. 21 Notes

Segregation in America

Plessy v. Ferguson
*Seperate facilities for blacks and whites does not violate the 14th Amendment which guarantees equal protection under the law for all Americans. As long as the facilities are equal


Jim Crow Laws
*Passed in the South which separated the races by law. Separate restrooms, restaurants;blacks and whites could not marry, etc


Black facilities were always inferior
*The U.S. spent 10 times as much money educating a White child as it did an African American child


NAACP Led by Thurgood Marshall
*Decided to challenge laws:blatantly segregated and unequal education and other facilities in court

(1950) Sweatt v. Painter
*State law schools must admit black applicants


(1946) Morgan v. Virginia
*Segregation on interstate buses is unconstitutional









Segregation and Civil Rights

(1896) Plessy v. Ferguson
*"Separate but equal" treatment does not deny "equal protection of the laws" (14th Amendment)


(1954) Brown v. Board of Ed.
*Legal segregation causes harm. Separate is inherently unequal

*1955- States must implement this "with all deliberate speed."

Southern Governors refuse to comply


Central High School, Little Rock (1957)
*President Eisenhower calls in the 101st Airborne troops to escort African American students


Rosa Parks (1955)
*Segregation on city buses

*Arrested for not giving seat to a white person


Dr. Martin Luther King
*Leads bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama


1956
*U.S. Supreme Court outlaws segregation on city buses









The Emerging Civil Rights Movement

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s strategy
*Protest peacefully and with dignity, then Americans and the world will be on your side. . . laws will change.

*King is inspired by the nonviolent methods of Mohandas K. Gandhi in India.


Anti-black violence
*In the south

*Whites seek to keep blacks "in their place."

*14 year-old Emmett Till id brutally murdered in 1955



Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
*Founded by M.L. King to use nonviolent means to fight segregation


Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
*College students willing to put their bodies on the line in nonviolent protests to end segregation



Lunch counter sit-ins (1960)
*SNCC members refuse to leave segregated lunch counters. Lunch counters in 48 cities and 11 states become desegregated









The Struggle for Equal Rights


Freedom Riders
*CORE and SNCC volunteers (whites and blacks together) ride on interstate buses into the South to test the law banning segregation on interstate buses

*Riders are fire bombed and beaten with lead pipes by white mobs. Southern police do not protect the riders

*TV news publicizes the events arounf the world. People around the world are outraged

*Kennedy calls in 400 U.S. marshals to escort the riders

*The Interstate Commerce Commission orders all interstate bus stop facilities to be desegregated



James Meredith
*Is escorted by troops to attend the University of Mississippi amidst violent protests by whites



Birmingham, Alabama
->Dr. King uses nonviolent means to desegregate one of the most racist cities in America

->Negative media publicity around the world results in a victory for desegregation


March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963)
->250,000 protesters gather peacefully to urge Congress to pass a new Civil Rights act. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his "I Have a Dream" speech.


July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed
->Bans segregation in all public places









Votiing Rights

Freedom Summer
->SNCC and Core seek to register voters in Mississippi

->90% of African Americans unable to vote in Miss.

->Volunteers suffer death, beatings, bombings



Selma Campaign
->M.L.K. supports voter registration in Selma, Alabama

->Protest march grows to 25,000

->President Johnson backs protesters

->A few weeks later, the Voting Rights Act of 1965-eliminates literacy test


24th Amendment
->(1968) Prohibits poll tax


Malcom X
->Whites are cause of black peoples condition
*Civil rights "by any means necessary"

*Blacks should separate themselves from white society

*Devout Muslim


Stokely Carmichael
->Helps start the Black Power movement


Black Panthers
->Armed revolutionary group. Also started daycare centers, breakfast programs









Civil Rights-Urban Poverty and Violence

De jure segregation
*Martin Luther King and the non-violent civil rights movement end legal segregation in the United States


De facto segregation
*Segregation still exists in the U.S. because, in fact, whites move to suburbs, leaving African-Americans together in poor urban areas


Race Riots
*Aug. 11, 1965- 5 days after President Johnson signs the Voting rights act, blacks in the Watts district of L.A. riot:34 killed, $30 million damage

*1966-more riots than ever before by poor African-Americans living in cities

*1967-Riots in 100 American cities-urban blacks frustrated by lack of jobsm decent housing and education

*1968-in April, after Martin Luther King is assassinated riots break out in 125 U.S. cities


Kerner Commission
*Studies causes of black riots:white racism-separate but unequal America


Unfinished work
*housing and job discrimination, educational inequality, poverty, racism

U.S. History CH. 20 Notes

Cold War Around the World

Developing Nations


U.S.
Gives aid to Third World (Developing Nations)
Military Aid Programs to Combat Poverty

Soviet Union
Gives weapons to Third World (Developing Nations)
Military & Technical Assistance


(SPIES)
Assassination Overthrow Govts.
CIA
KGB


U.S. gives money to Nonaligned Nations
->Neutral
->Independent


Soviet Union gives weapons to
-India
-Indonesia









KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR

Bay of Pigs Invasion

The U.S. military and the C.I.A. support Cuban rebels living in the United States. The rebels invade and attempr ro overthrow Fidel Castro's government in April 1960.

The invasion fails.

New president Kennedy is embarrassed


Berlin Crisis

Too many people are escaping from East Berlin to West Berlin. ->Khrushchev tries to take over West Berlin. ->He threatens war if Kennedy refuses to remove U.S. troops from West Berlin.
->Kennedy stands firm and doesn't remove U.S. troops.->Khrushchev builds the Berlin Wall.


Cuban Missile Crisis

--Oct. 14, 1962-U.S. spy planes spot nuclear missile sites in Cuba

--Oct. 22, 1962-Kennedy appears on TV to tell Americans he will stop this arms buildup, and to be prepared for a nuclear attack

--Oct. 24, 1962-U.S. naval ships quarantine the island of Cuba. They surround the island with a naval blockade. U.S. troops prepare to invade Cuba.

--Oct. 25, 1962-Soviet ships approach Cuba. They turn around at the last minute.

--Oct. 28, 1962-Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles from Cuba. In exchange, the U.S. agrees not to invade Cuba and to remove missiles from Turkey.
This leads to:

Hotline

A direct telephone line set up between the White House and the Kremlin to be used in emergencies.


Limited Test Ban Treaty

The U.S. and Soviet Union agree to stop all testing of nuclear weapons above ground.









Latin America [E/C]

Chile
->1970-Allende-freely elected Marxist

->1973-CIA-helps overthrow Allende

->Augusto Pinochet-brutal dictator takes over


Cuba
->1959-Fidel Castro-Communist revolutionary;overthrows Batista [dictator-U.S. supported]

->1960-Bay of Pigs-U.S. supports an invasion to overthrow Castro-invasion FAILS

->July 1962-Khrushchev/Soviet Union
-Begin putting nuclear missiles in Cuba

->October 1962-Cuban Missile Crisis
-U.S. President Kennedy blockades Cuba and prepares to invade
-Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles


Nicaragua & El Salvador
->U.S. supported dictator Somoza is overthrown by Communist Sandanistas

->U.S. supports Contras-anti-communist rebels









Kennedy's New Frontier

Not passed by Congress
->Domestic proposals:
o Medical care for the elderly

o Rebuild poor urban areas

o Improve education

->A conservative Congress did not pass Kennedy's new legislation


Passed by Congress
->Deficit Spending-to help the economy out of its recession

o 20% increase in Defense spending

o Increased minimum wage to $1.25 per hour

0 Extended unemployment insurance

0 Assisstance to cities with high unemployment


->Peace Corps- a program of volunteers from the U.S. helping poorer people in developing nations of Asia, Africa, Latin America

->Billions of dollars in aid to Latin America to prevent the spread of Communism

->Space program-was greatly increased with the goal of placing a man on the moon

->1963-Kennedy calls for a national assault on poverty; orders Justice Department to investigate racial injustice in the South









Johnson's "Great Society"

Civil Rights Act of 1964
->Prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, national origin and gender; gave the federal govt. new powers to enforce this


Voting Rights Act (1965)
->Ended literacy tests and allows federal govt. to monitor elections


Economic Opportunity Act (Aug. 1964)
o Johnson declares "Unconstitutional War on Poverty"
*Early 1964

Creates:
->Job Corps-youth job training

->VISTA- Volunteers in Service to America (like a domestic Peace Corps.)

->Head Start-preschool education program for poor children


Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
->First major federal program to help schools


Medicare
->Low cost medical care for Americans over 65


Medicaid
->Medical care for poor people on welfare


Immigration Act of 1965
->Took away some restrictions-opened the door for many Asians to immigrate to the U.S.


Water Quality Act; Air Quality Act
->First laws to protect the environment from pollution









Reforms of the Warren Court

~The U.S. Supreme Court in the 1950s and 1960s under Chief Justice Earl Warren takes a liberal view and makes changes in America~


Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
->Segregation in public schools is inherently unequal


Banned prayer in public schoools
->1st Amendment; seperation of church and state


Reappointment
->"One person, one vote"

->Drew new lines for voting districts. This gave nore votes to minorities who were packed into urban districts.
-Bakers v. Carr (1962)


Mapp v. Ohio
-Evidence seized illegally [without a warrant] cannot be used in court


Gideon v. Wainwright
->Govt. must provide a lawyer to criminals who can't afford one


Escobedo v. Illinois
->Right to have a lawyer present when being questioned by police


Miranda v. Arizona
->People who are arrested must be read their rights before being questioned by police