The 3 R's of Religion in the U.S. Public Schools
1) Rights- Everyone has the right to practice the religion of their choice.
2) Responsibility- Everyone has the responsibility to protect the rights for all.
3) Respect- We should respect others religious choices even if we don't like or agree with it.
James Madison (1787)
U.S. Constitution: First Amendment- "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there of..."
U.S. Public Schools
Horace Mann (early 19th Century):
Public schools do not follow any particular religion but are primarily Bible-based with Protestant moral teachings
Immigrants:
->Italians/Irish-Catholics
->Buddhist: Chinese, Japanese, Filipino and other Asians
U.S. Supreme Court:
*The First Amendment applies to states and public schools.
*Today America has over 3000 different religions.
*Public schools are not Bible-based.
*Public schools cannot teach one particular region but can teach ABOUT religion
E/C
Today there are over 3000 different religions practiced in the United States.
1868-The 14th Amendment required that the First Amendment apply to the states as well as congress
Public schools and state court houses can no longer promote any particular religion.
They can teach ABOUT different religions
Judaism
Beliefs and Practices:
The Jewish people believe in one God, and in leading ethical lives by following the Ten Commandments and other laws given to Moses in 1200-1300 B.C.
Jewish people believe that God spoke through many prophets who taught them to follow their religion.
Jews worship through prayer and once a week on the holy day, or Sabbath, in a house of worship called a synagogue.
Jewish Holidays include:
Rosh Hashanah-New Year
Yom Kippur-Forgiveness of sin
Passover- Liberation from slavery in Egypt
Hanukkah-Festival of light and restoration of the Jewish Temple.
Jewish Persecution
Jesus-
was born into a Jewish family and followed the Jewish religion all his life.
Jesus' disciples-
Were all male Jews. After Jesus' death-there was a split.
Jews who believed Jesus was the Messiah
Jews who were not followers of Jesus.
66-135 CE-Jews rebel against Roman rule and are forced to leave Jerusalem. This is called the Diaspora. Jews move to countries all over Europe and the Middle East. When Europe becomes Christian, Jews are persecuted for their religion.
1100-1300 CE-During the Crusades, Christians destroyed Jewish villages and massacred Jews. Jews were banished from England in 1396 and from Spain in 1493.
1648 Polish and Lithuanian Cossacks carried out pogroms-raided Jewish villages and massacred Jews.
Jews were often denied equal rights and forced to live in ghettos.
1930-1945-the Nazi Holocaust kills 6 million Jews.
1800-1900- Many Jews immigrate to America.
1948- Jews are given their own country, Israel, and return to their homeland.
Christianity
Beliefs
-Believe in one God.
-Believe that Jesus is the son of God.
-Jesus came into the world and died to save humanity from sin.
-Christians believe that Jesus was/is the Christ-the "Messiah"- the "Savior"
-Christians believe they will attain salvation by following the teachings of Jesus and by faith in Jesus Christ.
Sects
Eastern Orthodox-primarily found in Eastern Europe and Russia
Catholic-Head of the church is the Pope in Rome
Protestant-started by Martin Luther during the Protestant Reformation
Worship
Catholics
-Communion- worshippers eat bread and drink wine which they believe is the real body and blood of Christ
Protestants
-Protestants-singing, prayer, and reading from the bible, Sermon/preaching.
Baptism
-in all Christian churches
Teachings of Jesus
*"You have heard the Commandment 'an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.' But what I say to you is offer no resistance to injury. When a person strikes you on the right cheek, turn and offer him the other." -Matthew 5:38, 39
*"...love your enemies, pray for your persecutors"- Matthew 5:44
*"This is my commandment:love one another as I have loved you. There is no greater love than this: to lay down one's life for one's friends."- John 15:12, 13
*If you would be perfect, go, sell what you possess and give to the poor and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me."-Matthew 19:21
Islam
Five Pillars
*Faith-statement of faith "There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of God."
*Prayer-Muslims pray 5 times a day bowing all the way to the ground
*Alms-Muslims mist give donations to the poor
*Fasting-Muslims eat no food during daylight hours for the holy month of Ramadan.
*Pilgrimage-All Muslims who can afford must make a hajj or pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca.
*Islam was founded by Muhammad who lived from 570-632 A.D.
*The two major sects of Islam are the Sunni and the Shi'a sects.
*The holy book of Islam is the Qur'an
*They also believe God's word was spoken through Abraham, Moses, David, and Jesus. They were also prophets.
Hinduism
Central Beliefs:
Hindus believe that each person has a soul or Atman.
Each person seeks to unite his/her soul with God or Brahman-the universal soul.
*One can unite with Brahman only by freeing oneself from selfish, earthly desires. When one is completely free and united with Brahman one has achieved moksha or enlightenment.
*Hindu's believe in Karma-whatever good deeds or bad deeds you do will come back and cause good or bad in your life, or in the next life.
*Hindus believe in reincarnation-that each person is reborn over and over- if one has been good, then one will be reborn into a good life, if one has been bad then one will be reborn into a miserable life-until one is completely free of desires and achieves moksha.
Practices:
Hindus practice meditation, prayer, and yoga (or spiritual exercises) to purify themselves and united with God/Brahman
Scriptures
...The sacred writings of the Hindus include the Vedas and the Bhagavad-Gita-...
Gods: Hindus believe that all are united in one God, but Hindus believe in and worship many different Gods.
The three main Gods of Hinduism are Brahma-the creator; Vishnu-the preserver of the universe; Shiva-the destroyer
Gurus-are holy people or spiritual teachers who guide people to unite with Brahman.
Rituals and Celebrations
-include Diwali, a festival of light at the beginning of New Year;
-purification in the Ganges River in India.
There are many different Hindu sects and ways of practicing Hinduism.
Hinduism in America
1960s
The Beatles: Maharishi Mahesh Yogi develops a simple form of meditation practice that becomes very popular in America and around the world.
Transcendental Meditation
Yoga: Healthy meditation exercise.
Practiced by millions.
Relaxation Response
Dr. from the Harvard,;
Medical School develops a simple form of meditation that is scientifically proven to relieve stress verified method,
Dr. Dean Ornish,
Uses meditation, yoga, and a vegetarian diet to develop a medically verified method to cure heart disease
Buddhism
Beliefs: Buddhists honor their founder Siddharta Gautama, who is known as the Buddha.
Buddha means "enlightened one" Buddhists believe that the Buddha attained enlightenment, a state of freedom from selfish desires and oneness with all the universe-this is called Nirvana. Buddhists follow Buddha's teachings which include the Four Noble Truths.
Practices:
Buddhists practice to free themselves from desires and attain enlightenment through meditation, chanting, and offering incense.
Monks and Nuns- those who dedicate their lives to meditation and study of the Buddh's teaching. They lead and teach others.
Sects of Buddhism:
Theravada-traditional Buddhism
Mahayana-Belief that all may become Buddhas-Bodhisattva-will not go to nirvana or paradise but stays to help everyone become enlightened.
Beliefs:
The Four Noble Truths
*Life is suffering- suffering can not be avoided by anyone in this life.
*There is a cause of suffering: Desire to have and control things.
*There is a way to end suffering: By becoming free from your desires.
*One becomes free from desires by following a practice.
This practice is also called the:
Eightfold Path
*Right understanding
*Right thinking
*Right speech
*Right conduct:
-Do not kill
-Do not steal
-Do not lie
-Do not misuse sex
-Do not consume alcohol or mind-altering drugs
*Right livelihood
*Right effort
*Right mindfulness
*Right concentration
Thursday, May 28, 2009
Thursday, May 7, 2009
U.S. Foreign Policy and Terrorism
Israel
Background/History
1. 1948-U.S. supports the new Jewish nation of Israel.
2. Israel forms its new country in Palestine which was a predominantly Moslem/Arab country.
3. Palestinians fight to kick Israelis out
4. Israel takes control of all of Palestine to protect itself.
5. Fighting between Israelis and Palestinians (including terror attacks on Israeli civilians and retaliation by the Israeli military) has continued up to today.
Many Arab people today feel hostile towards the Jewish state of Israel and their control of the Islamic people of Palestine and angry at the U.S. for supporting Israel.
Iran
1.1953-Iran's leader Mohammed Mossadegh tried to take control of all oil companies in the country.
2. The U.S. CIA organized and financed the overthrow of Mossadegh until he was replaced by Shah Paklavi
3. The Shah uses torture and killing to keep control of his country but gives control of 40% of the country's oil to the U.S.
Many Iranian people are angry at the U.S. for intervening in their country just so the U.S. could get control of more oil.
The Cold War
Soviet Union (Communists)
Invade Dec. 1979
->Afghanistan War-(1978-1992)
->Islamic guerillas stop the Soviet Union
->The entire Soviet Union collapses 1989-1992
1980-USA
Weapons & $
To stop communism
Mujahideens
-Islamic guerillas
-Osama bin Laden
-Al Qaeda
Iran-Iraq War
1979-Ayatollah Khomeini overthrows the Shah and takes control of Iran
1980-1988-Long war between Iran and Iraq
Secret Weapons Deals U.S.A.
->U.S. is now known to have supported Saddam Hussein with weapons when he was using chemical weapons on his enemies and his own people.
->U.S. builds up Naval and Military presence in the region to protect Kuwait and its own interest
The Cold Warr (1991)
*Saddam Hussein is in debt after the Iran-Iraq War.
*Iraq invades Kuwait to take control of their oil.
Iraq invades in 1990
U.S. counterattack pushes Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait
*U.N. supports use of military force
*George Bush Sr. is President
*Saddam Hussein remains in power
*U.S. continues to build up military bases and naval ships in the Middle East Gulf region.
*U.S. establishes military bases in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to "stabilize the region" and protect its interests in oil.
*The U.S. and the Bush family become friendly with King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.
Oklahoma City Bombing
1995
1. Terrorist attac on a federal government building in Oklahoma City
2. 168 people, including some children in a day care center, were killed
3. The worst terrorist attack in the United States, before the September 11th attack
Timothy McVeigh
1. Was sentenced to death for the bombing
2. He was a white, male American who said he carried out the bombing as revenge for a federal govt. raid on the Branch Dravidian Compound in Waco, Texas, in which 75 men, women and children were killed.
3. He and those who helped him were angry at the U.S. government
President Bush and the War in Iraq
Osama bin Laden and many Middle Easter Islamic people are angry at the U.S.
The U.S. ....
1. Supports Israel- A Jewish state which has taken over control of Palestine, an Islamic nation.
2. Has established military bases in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and has naval ships in the Persian Gulf.
3. Is using its military and economic power to control Islamic Middle Eastern people for its own benefit and for the benefit of its large oil companies
King Fahd of Saudi Arabia
1. He is just a puppet leader who is going along with U.S. wishes.
Modern U.S. culture
1. Spread in the middle east is destroying fundamental Islamic beliefs and practices.
U.S. Christians
1. Have no respect for Islamic people.
The U.S.
1. Has destroyed the lives of many Middle Eastern people through its support of Israel, the sanctions on Iraq and the Iraq wars
Preemption-The "Bush Doctrine"
1. The U.S will never allow its military supremacy to be challenged as it was during the Cold War
a. U.S. hegemony- the U.S. will seek to keep its place as the dominant power in the world.
2. Countries that threaten the U.S. with terrorists acts or by building up weapons of mass destruction will be dealt with preemptively
a.The U.S. will not wait for another terrorist attack. The U.S. will use its military to attack other countries before they have attacked us.
3.The U.S. will use military force and economic power to change countries into democracies around the world.
4. The U.S. will disregard the U.N. and take unilateral military action if necessary
Problems in Iraq leading up to the September 11th Attack
1992
->After Saddam Hussein loses the gulf war, the United Nations demands that he destroy his stockpile of weapons of mass destruction (WMD's-chemical and biological weapons)
->Saddam Hussein does not comply completely
->The U.N. requires that weapons inspectors be allowed into Iraq to see proof that the WMD's have been destroyed.
->The United Nations starts economic sanctions on Iraq until Saddam Hussein complies completely. ->No nation will buy Iraq's oil
->Iraq has very little money to support its people. Saddam Hussein builds palaces for himself. -> An estimated 5000 children die each month in Iraq because there is not enough food and medical treatment.
Sept. 11th, 2001
->Al Qaeda terrorists led by Osama bin Laden are angry at U.S. control in the Middle East -> Attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon->3000 people killed in the United States
October 2001
->President Bush attacks the Taliban government in Afghanistan
Sept. 11, 2001
*Terrorist attacks on the U.S.
*Pres. Bush states: "We will make no distinctions bewteen the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them."
Sept. 15, 2001
*Bush Administration decides to attack the Taliban government in Afghanistan and Al Qaeda training camps there.
Sept. 20, 2001
*Pres. bush: "Any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime."
October 2001
*U.S. invades Afghanistan to remove Taliban govt.
Jan 2002
*Pres. Bush, State of the Union Address Iran, Iraq and North Korea are countries that are hostile to the U.S., support terrorism or are seeking to build up WMD's. They constitute an "Axis of Evil"
Sept. 12, 2002
Pres. Bush speaks before the U.N., saying it must be tough on Iraq, or it will be a useless organization
Oct. 10, 2002
*Congress votes to give President Bush authority to take preemptive military action against Iraq, when and how he feels necessary
Vote: 302-133; 77-23
Feb. 14, 2003
*U.N. weapons inspectors indicate progress is being made on Iraq's cooperation
Feb. 22, 2003
*U.N. wepaons inspectors order Iraq to destroy all long range missiles
Feb. 24, 2003
*The U.S., Great Britain and Spain submit a proposal to the U.N. Security Council stating that Iraq has failed in its last chance to comply with Resolution 1441.
*France, Germany and Russia submit a counter proposal: the weapons inspections should be continued and intensified.
March 1, 2003
*Iraq begons destroying some long range missiles
March 7, 2003
*Hans Blix, Chief Weapons Inspector requests more time.
March 12, 2003
*New York and 150 U.S. cities pass resolutions opposing preemptive/unilateral military action in Iraq
March 14, 2003
*The U.S. and Great Britain can get only 4 nations on the Security Council to support a military invasion of Iraq. They need all 15 members to get U.N. support.
March 17, 2003
*Great Britain says all diplomatic efforts with Iraq have ended. Weapons inspectors are ordered to leave Iraq. President Bush gives Saddam Hussein and his sons 48 hours to leave Iraq or face war.
March 19, 2003
*The U.S., Great Britain, and a few other nations begin the invasion of Iraq called Operation Iraqi Freedom.
March 20, 2003
*Heavy aerial bombing of key targets in Iraq. This is called a "decapitation" attack (targeting the government and military leaders and their headquarters first). This bombing is meant to "shock and awe" the Iraqi people.
April 9, 2003
*U.S. troops take over and control Baghdad, the capital of Iraq.
May 1, 2003
*The U.S. and Great Britain control Iraq
Iraqi Insurgent Resistance
August 2002
*Vice President Cheney predicts that the streets of Baghdad will "erupt in joy" when U.S. troops arrive.
March-May 2003
*Saddam Hussein regular military is quickly defeated.
May 203
*Civil disorder, arson, looting. Not enough U.S. troops in Iraq to keep order after U.S. takeover.
July
*Sabotage attacks on oil pipelines, power lines, telecommunication line. U.S. claims that killing/capturing key leaders from Saddam Hussein's government will end the resistance
*U.S. troops killed by mines, ambushes and suicide bombers. The U.S. admits it is being confronted by guerilla resistance. U.S. claims it is just local pockets of resistance
*Attacks on U.S. soldiders in every region of Iraq-Sabotage of oil and power lines in every region of Iraq. U.S. must admit it is fighting an organized nationwide resistance movement.
*Threats of a Civil War between Sunni Moslems (who supported Saddam Hussein) and Shi'a Moslems.
Insurgent Strategy in Iraq
*Osama bin Laden
*Al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations
IRAQ
*Baath party Loyalists (Supporters of Saddam Hussein)
*Sunni Muslims
*Other anti-U.S. Iraqis
SYRIA
*"Foreign terrorists"
*People who want to stop the U.S. from using its military power to control other coutries
*People willing to die in a holy Islamic war, jihad, against the U.S.
Insurgent Goals
*Make the U.S. strategy of using military power to control other countries unworkable
*Use the same hidden guerilla warfare that was used in Afghanistan
*Use suicide bombers- people willing to die in a religious war-jihad
*U.S. military power was stopped in Vietnam
*Soviet military power was stopped in Afghanistan
Insurgent Strategy in Iraq
Destroy Iraq's Economy and infrastructure
*Sabotage oil pipelines, power lines
Destabilize the new Iraqi government
*Kill high ranking officials; sabotage elections; destroy government building
*Try to start a civil war between Sunni and Shiite Muslims in Iraq
Cause American Opinion to turn against the war
*Continual attacks on the U.S. troops
*Ambush supply trucks-destroy supplies
*Loss of life and high expense will cause Americans to grow tired of the war
Attack U.S. allies: anyone helping the U.S.
*Suicide bombers attack police headquarters, Iraqi security forces, recruits.
*Kidnappings of Japanese, Chinese, Italians, Filipinos, Australians and other from country with troops supporting the U.S.
--Threaten to kill hostages if troops aren't removed
*Attacks on the Turkish Consulate, Jordanian Embassy, U.N. Headquarters in Baghdad, U.S. Red Cross and other headquarters in Iraq.
*Attack, or kill, or kidnap anyone who is supporting U.S. troops or the new Iraqi government.
--Including contractors, aid workers; Suicide bombs in busy marketplaces.
President George W. Bush
Foreign and Domestic Policy in the war on Terror 2001-2006
Praise:
-The United States and the U.S. economy remained strong through 2007.
-The U.S. economy suffered a blow after the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks, but recovered.
-The U.S. is building democracy in Iraq.
-Life in America has returned to normal after the Sept, 11th attacks.
-There have been no more major terrorist attacks on the U.S. soil since Sept. 11th
Criticism:
-Intelligence information regarding weapons of mass destruction in Iraq was faulty.
-Did the Bush Administration mislead the public on the presence of WMD's in order to start the War in Iraq?
-The Bush administration has alienated our allies through our unilateral, preemptive attack of Iraq.
-U.S. troop levels in Iraq were far too low.
---The Bush Adminstration has violated the rights of U.S. citizens and Arab prisoners in conducting the war on terror.
Background/History
1. 1948-U.S. supports the new Jewish nation of Israel.
2. Israel forms its new country in Palestine which was a predominantly Moslem/Arab country.
3. Palestinians fight to kick Israelis out
4. Israel takes control of all of Palestine to protect itself.
5. Fighting between Israelis and Palestinians (including terror attacks on Israeli civilians and retaliation by the Israeli military) has continued up to today.
Many Arab people today feel hostile towards the Jewish state of Israel and their control of the Islamic people of Palestine and angry at the U.S. for supporting Israel.
Iran
1.1953-Iran's leader Mohammed Mossadegh tried to take control of all oil companies in the country.
2. The U.S. CIA organized and financed the overthrow of Mossadegh until he was replaced by Shah Paklavi
3. The Shah uses torture and killing to keep control of his country but gives control of 40% of the country's oil to the U.S.
Many Iranian people are angry at the U.S. for intervening in their country just so the U.S. could get control of more oil.
The Cold War
Soviet Union (Communists)
Invade Dec. 1979
->Afghanistan War-(1978-1992)
->Islamic guerillas stop the Soviet Union
->The entire Soviet Union collapses 1989-1992
1980-USA
Weapons & $
To stop communism
Mujahideens
-Islamic guerillas
-Osama bin Laden
-Al Qaeda
Iran-Iraq War
1979-Ayatollah Khomeini overthrows the Shah and takes control of Iran
1980-1988-Long war between Iran and Iraq
Secret Weapons Deals U.S.A.
->U.S. is now known to have supported Saddam Hussein with weapons when he was using chemical weapons on his enemies and his own people.
->U.S. builds up Naval and Military presence in the region to protect Kuwait and its own interest
The Cold Warr (1991)
*Saddam Hussein is in debt after the Iran-Iraq War.
*Iraq invades Kuwait to take control of their oil.
Iraq invades in 1990
U.S. counterattack pushes Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait
*U.N. supports use of military force
*George Bush Sr. is President
*Saddam Hussein remains in power
*U.S. continues to build up military bases and naval ships in the Middle East Gulf region.
*U.S. establishes military bases in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to "stabilize the region" and protect its interests in oil.
*The U.S. and the Bush family become friendly with King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.
Oklahoma City Bombing
1995
1. Terrorist attac on a federal government building in Oklahoma City
2. 168 people, including some children in a day care center, were killed
3. The worst terrorist attack in the United States, before the September 11th attack
Timothy McVeigh
1. Was sentenced to death for the bombing
2. He was a white, male American who said he carried out the bombing as revenge for a federal govt. raid on the Branch Dravidian Compound in Waco, Texas, in which 75 men, women and children were killed.
3. He and those who helped him were angry at the U.S. government
President Bush and the War in Iraq
Osama bin Laden and many Middle Easter Islamic people are angry at the U.S.
The U.S. ....
1. Supports Israel- A Jewish state which has taken over control of Palestine, an Islamic nation.
2. Has established military bases in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and has naval ships in the Persian Gulf.
3. Is using its military and economic power to control Islamic Middle Eastern people for its own benefit and for the benefit of its large oil companies
King Fahd of Saudi Arabia
1. He is just a puppet leader who is going along with U.S. wishes.
Modern U.S. culture
1. Spread in the middle east is destroying fundamental Islamic beliefs and practices.
U.S. Christians
1. Have no respect for Islamic people.
The U.S.
1. Has destroyed the lives of many Middle Eastern people through its support of Israel, the sanctions on Iraq and the Iraq wars
Preemption-The "Bush Doctrine"
1. The U.S will never allow its military supremacy to be challenged as it was during the Cold War
a. U.S. hegemony- the U.S. will seek to keep its place as the dominant power in the world.
2. Countries that threaten the U.S. with terrorists acts or by building up weapons of mass destruction will be dealt with preemptively
a.The U.S. will not wait for another terrorist attack. The U.S. will use its military to attack other countries before they have attacked us.
3.The U.S. will use military force and economic power to change countries into democracies around the world.
4. The U.S. will disregard the U.N. and take unilateral military action if necessary
Problems in Iraq leading up to the September 11th Attack
1992
->After Saddam Hussein loses the gulf war, the United Nations demands that he destroy his stockpile of weapons of mass destruction (WMD's-chemical and biological weapons)
->Saddam Hussein does not comply completely
->The U.N. requires that weapons inspectors be allowed into Iraq to see proof that the WMD's have been destroyed.
->The United Nations starts economic sanctions on Iraq until Saddam Hussein complies completely. ->No nation will buy Iraq's oil
->Iraq has very little money to support its people. Saddam Hussein builds palaces for himself. -> An estimated 5000 children die each month in Iraq because there is not enough food and medical treatment.
Sept. 11th, 2001
->Al Qaeda terrorists led by Osama bin Laden are angry at U.S. control in the Middle East -> Attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon->3000 people killed in the United States
October 2001
->President Bush attacks the Taliban government in Afghanistan
Sept. 11, 2001
*Terrorist attacks on the U.S.
*Pres. Bush states: "We will make no distinctions bewteen the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them."
Sept. 15, 2001
*Bush Administration decides to attack the Taliban government in Afghanistan and Al Qaeda training camps there.
Sept. 20, 2001
*Pres. bush: "Any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime."
October 2001
*U.S. invades Afghanistan to remove Taliban govt.
Jan 2002
*Pres. Bush, State of the Union Address Iran, Iraq and North Korea are countries that are hostile to the U.S., support terrorism or are seeking to build up WMD's. They constitute an "Axis of Evil"
Sept. 12, 2002
Pres. Bush speaks before the U.N., saying it must be tough on Iraq, or it will be a useless organization
Oct. 10, 2002
*Congress votes to give President Bush authority to take preemptive military action against Iraq, when and how he feels necessary
Vote: 302-133; 77-23
Feb. 14, 2003
*U.N. weapons inspectors indicate progress is being made on Iraq's cooperation
Feb. 22, 2003
*U.N. wepaons inspectors order Iraq to destroy all long range missiles
Feb. 24, 2003
*The U.S., Great Britain and Spain submit a proposal to the U.N. Security Council stating that Iraq has failed in its last chance to comply with Resolution 1441.
*France, Germany and Russia submit a counter proposal: the weapons inspections should be continued and intensified.
March 1, 2003
*Iraq begons destroying some long range missiles
March 7, 2003
*Hans Blix, Chief Weapons Inspector requests more time.
March 12, 2003
*New York and 150 U.S. cities pass resolutions opposing preemptive/unilateral military action in Iraq
March 14, 2003
*The U.S. and Great Britain can get only 4 nations on the Security Council to support a military invasion of Iraq. They need all 15 members to get U.N. support.
March 17, 2003
*Great Britain says all diplomatic efforts with Iraq have ended. Weapons inspectors are ordered to leave Iraq. President Bush gives Saddam Hussein and his sons 48 hours to leave Iraq or face war.
March 19, 2003
*The U.S., Great Britain, and a few other nations begin the invasion of Iraq called Operation Iraqi Freedom.
March 20, 2003
*Heavy aerial bombing of key targets in Iraq. This is called a "decapitation" attack (targeting the government and military leaders and their headquarters first). This bombing is meant to "shock and awe" the Iraqi people.
April 9, 2003
*U.S. troops take over and control Baghdad, the capital of Iraq.
May 1, 2003
*The U.S. and Great Britain control Iraq
Iraqi Insurgent Resistance
August 2002
*Vice President Cheney predicts that the streets of Baghdad will "erupt in joy" when U.S. troops arrive.
March-May 2003
*Saddam Hussein regular military is quickly defeated.
May 203
*Civil disorder, arson, looting. Not enough U.S. troops in Iraq to keep order after U.S. takeover.
July
*Sabotage attacks on oil pipelines, power lines, telecommunication line. U.S. claims that killing/capturing key leaders from Saddam Hussein's government will end the resistance
*U.S. troops killed by mines, ambushes and suicide bombers. The U.S. admits it is being confronted by guerilla resistance. U.S. claims it is just local pockets of resistance
*Attacks on U.S. soldiders in every region of Iraq-Sabotage of oil and power lines in every region of Iraq. U.S. must admit it is fighting an organized nationwide resistance movement.
*Threats of a Civil War between Sunni Moslems (who supported Saddam Hussein) and Shi'a Moslems.
Insurgent Strategy in Iraq
*Osama bin Laden
*Al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations
IRAQ
*Baath party Loyalists (Supporters of Saddam Hussein)
*Sunni Muslims
*Other anti-U.S. Iraqis
SYRIA
*"Foreign terrorists"
*People who want to stop the U.S. from using its military power to control other coutries
*People willing to die in a holy Islamic war, jihad, against the U.S.
Insurgent Goals
*Make the U.S. strategy of using military power to control other countries unworkable
*Use the same hidden guerilla warfare that was used in Afghanistan
*Use suicide bombers- people willing to die in a religious war-jihad
*U.S. military power was stopped in Vietnam
*Soviet military power was stopped in Afghanistan
Insurgent Strategy in Iraq
Destroy Iraq's Economy and infrastructure
*Sabotage oil pipelines, power lines
Destabilize the new Iraqi government
*Kill high ranking officials; sabotage elections; destroy government building
*Try to start a civil war between Sunni and Shiite Muslims in Iraq
Cause American Opinion to turn against the war
*Continual attacks on the U.S. troops
*Ambush supply trucks-destroy supplies
*Loss of life and high expense will cause Americans to grow tired of the war
Attack U.S. allies: anyone helping the U.S.
*Suicide bombers attack police headquarters, Iraqi security forces, recruits.
*Kidnappings of Japanese, Chinese, Italians, Filipinos, Australians and other from country with troops supporting the U.S.
--Threaten to kill hostages if troops aren't removed
*Attacks on the Turkish Consulate, Jordanian Embassy, U.N. Headquarters in Baghdad, U.S. Red Cross and other headquarters in Iraq.
*Attack, or kill, or kidnap anyone who is supporting U.S. troops or the new Iraqi government.
--Including contractors, aid workers; Suicide bombs in busy marketplaces.
President George W. Bush
Foreign and Domestic Policy in the war on Terror 2001-2006
Praise:
-The United States and the U.S. economy remained strong through 2007.
-The U.S. economy suffered a blow after the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks, but recovered.
-The U.S. is building democracy in Iraq.
-Life in America has returned to normal after the Sept, 11th attacks.
-There have been no more major terrorist attacks on the U.S. soil since Sept. 11th
Criticism:
-Intelligence information regarding weapons of mass destruction in Iraq was faulty.
-Did the Bush Administration mislead the public on the presence of WMD's in order to start the War in Iraq?
-The Bush administration has alienated our allies through our unilateral, preemptive attack of Iraq.
-U.S. troop levels in Iraq were far too low.
---The Bush Adminstration has violated the rights of U.S. citizens and Arab prisoners in conducting the war on terror.
Tuesday, April 28, 2009
Capital Punishment In The United States Today
Definition and Facts
Capital Punishment is the lawful infliction of death as a punishment; the killing of a person via judicial process of retribution or incapacitation.
The types of crimes which are punishable by the death penalty in the U.S. (capital offenses) usually involve aggravated murder. For example:
Multiple murders
Murder + rape
Murder + torture
Contract killing
A majority of nations in the world today have banned the death penalty as a form of punishment: Almost all of Europe, plus Canada, Mexico and Australia have abandoned capital punishment.
The 8th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits "cruel and unusual punishment" for crimes
A number of US states do not have the death penalty and instead use life imprisonment..
Studies have shown that factors unrelated to the crime itself- primarily pverty, race and gender- greatly influence who is executed and who is not.
Racial Bias
Again and again, studies show that racial bias permeates the criminal justice system and that African-Americans are arrested more frequently and punished more severely for the same crimes than are White Americans.
African Americans make up a far higher proportion of death row inmates than their proportion in the U.S. population
Studies also show that the race of the victim tends to greatly influence the penalty imposed. Those who kill a white person are more likely to receive the death penalty than those who kill an African-American, or Latino-American.
Economic Status
The quality of the legal representation: It is a chilling fact that you are more likely to escape the death penalty if you can hire a private attorney than if you are represented by a court-appointed lawyer.
While wealthy defendants who hire their own counsel are generally spared the death penalty, poorer defendants do not have that opportunity.
The Criminal Justice System
The death penalty is administered by the same underfunded and overworked court system which is responsible for administering all of our country's civil and criminal laws. This system can and does make mistakes.
Some Arguments for Capital Punishment
"The death penalty is an important tool and deterrent in fighting pre-meditated, and often violrnt murder."
*Some argue that the death of a criminal gives closure to the victims (if they are still alive) and their families.
*The death penalty serves as a deterrent to criminals who may be considering committing a capital offence.
*One of the main principals of punishment and the judicial system is that the penalty fits the crime. If someone violently murders another individual or numerous people, then it makes sense for the punishment to be death.
*Some anti-death penalty campaigners describe examples of people on death row, or people have already been killed have then been proved innocent. Today, the accuracy of modern forensics and DNA testing makes it very unlikely for an innocent person to be put on death row. Furthering this point, it is argued that the number of innocent people may be killed is equalized by the number of actual crimes that are set free.
*Putting people in prison, as opposed to executing them gives them a chance of parole (or the small chance that they escape) Capital punishment means there is no chance of the criminal committing another crime.
Some Arguments Against the Death Penalty
"The death penalty is a barbaric punishment which violates moral values."
*The financial cost of putting people to death, once you consider extra appeals, additional procedures, etc, can be often more than the cost of putting a criminal in prison for life.
*The death penalty violates the "cruel and unusual" clause of the Bill of Rights.
*It is simply immoral and barbaric to allow people to be killed by the state even if they have committed violent crimes.
*The appeals and additional procedures required to deal with criminals that have been condemned to death fill up the US legal system which could be put to better use.
*It can be viewed that, life in prison with little freedom and poor quality of life is a better punishment and deterrent to criminals than death row.
*There is always the possibility that innocent men and women are put to death without ever having committed a crime. There will always be failings in the judicial and conviction system
Capital Punishment is the lawful infliction of death as a punishment; the killing of a person via judicial process of retribution or incapacitation.
The types of crimes which are punishable by the death penalty in the U.S. (capital offenses) usually involve aggravated murder. For example:
Multiple murders
Murder + rape
Murder + torture
Contract killing
A majority of nations in the world today have banned the death penalty as a form of punishment: Almost all of Europe, plus Canada, Mexico and Australia have abandoned capital punishment.
The 8th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits "cruel and unusual punishment" for crimes
A number of US states do not have the death penalty and instead use life imprisonment..
Studies have shown that factors unrelated to the crime itself- primarily pverty, race and gender- greatly influence who is executed and who is not.
Racial Bias
Again and again, studies show that racial bias permeates the criminal justice system and that African-Americans are arrested more frequently and punished more severely for the same crimes than are White Americans.
African Americans make up a far higher proportion of death row inmates than their proportion in the U.S. population
Studies also show that the race of the victim tends to greatly influence the penalty imposed. Those who kill a white person are more likely to receive the death penalty than those who kill an African-American, or Latino-American.
Economic Status
The quality of the legal representation: It is a chilling fact that you are more likely to escape the death penalty if you can hire a private attorney than if you are represented by a court-appointed lawyer.
While wealthy defendants who hire their own counsel are generally spared the death penalty, poorer defendants do not have that opportunity.
The Criminal Justice System
The death penalty is administered by the same underfunded and overworked court system which is responsible for administering all of our country's civil and criminal laws. This system can and does make mistakes.
Some Arguments for Capital Punishment
"The death penalty is an important tool and deterrent in fighting pre-meditated, and often violrnt murder."
*Some argue that the death of a criminal gives closure to the victims (if they are still alive) and their families.
*The death penalty serves as a deterrent to criminals who may be considering committing a capital offence.
*One of the main principals of punishment and the judicial system is that the penalty fits the crime. If someone violently murders another individual or numerous people, then it makes sense for the punishment to be death.
*Some anti-death penalty campaigners describe examples of people on death row, or people have already been killed have then been proved innocent. Today, the accuracy of modern forensics and DNA testing makes it very unlikely for an innocent person to be put on death row. Furthering this point, it is argued that the number of innocent people may be killed is equalized by the number of actual crimes that are set free.
*Putting people in prison, as opposed to executing them gives them a chance of parole (or the small chance that they escape) Capital punishment means there is no chance of the criminal committing another crime.
Some Arguments Against the Death Penalty
"The death penalty is a barbaric punishment which violates moral values."
*The financial cost of putting people to death, once you consider extra appeals, additional procedures, etc, can be often more than the cost of putting a criminal in prison for life.
*The death penalty violates the "cruel and unusual" clause of the Bill of Rights.
*It is simply immoral and barbaric to allow people to be killed by the state even if they have committed violent crimes.
*The appeals and additional procedures required to deal with criminals that have been condemned to death fill up the US legal system which could be put to better use.
*It can be viewed that, life in prison with little freedom and poor quality of life is a better punishment and deterrent to criminals than death row.
*There is always the possibility that innocent men and women are put to death without ever having committed a crime. There will always be failings in the judicial and conviction system
Tuesday, April 7, 2009
U.S. History CH. 26 Notes
The Clinton Presidency
Bill Clinton
-> Elected president in 1992
Al Gore
-> Vice President
Gays in the military
-> Clinton sought to end discrimination against gays in the military. Compromise policy= "Don't ask/Don't tell"
Health Care Reform
-> Clinton sought affordable health care for all Americans
*Hilary Clinton- in charge of the task force on health care
*Insurance companies opposed- Congress does not pass
The economy
-> Clinton inherits huge budget deficit (DEBTS) from Presidents Reagan and Bush
->By the end of his term in office Clinton had reduced the budget and created a budget surplus
->Clinton supports new technologies, software and internet companies
Creates millions of new jobs
->Economy booms
-> Stock market booms
Welfare Reform
->Clinton proposes $10 billion for job training, education and health care to help people learn higher paying jobs and get off welfare
Congress won't pass
-> Republicans support $56 billion cut in welfare- 2 year limit on time that poor Americans can receive benefits
Clinton signs
Foreign Policy
-> Clinton closes military bases; proposes big cuts in military spending now that the Cold War is over.
*Spend more on education, stopping crime and other problems at home
-> Clinton does send U.S. troops to help stop a war in Bosnia when war breaks out there.
*1995-Presidents of Bosniam Croatia and Serbia signs the Dayton Peace Accords
International Trade
->Clinton signs NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement- No tariffs or trade barriers between U.S.- Canada & Mexico
->Clinton signs GATT-General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Makes it easier to do business worldwide. Sets up the WTO-World Trade Organization
Republican Opposition to Clinton
1994 Midterm elections
->Republicans win control of both houses of Congress-plus 31/50 governors
Newt Gingrich
->Becomes "Speaker of the House"- Leader of the Republicans in Congress
Government Shutdown
->Republicans/Gingrich CONTRACT WITH AMERICA:
*Cut taxes
*Increase military spending
*Cut welfare payments
->Democrats/Clinton
*Tax on wealthy
*Cut military spending (now that the Cold War is over)
*Money for job training childcare
->CAN'T AGREE ON PRIORITIES
->CAN'T PASS THE FEDERAL BUDGET BY THE DEADLINE
-> GOVERNMENT SHUTS DOWN FOR A FEW WEEKS IN 1995, 1996.
->FEDERAL EMPLOYEES DON'T GET PAID
The American people
->American people/opinion polls tend to support Clinton-blame stubborn radical Republicans like Gingrich for the governmnt shutdown
CLINTON RE-ELECTED IN 1996
The Clinton Impeachment
Paula Jones
-Brings a lawsuit against Pres. Clinton--that he made sexual advances/sexual harrassment in 1991.
U.S. Supreme Court decides in Clinton v. Jones (1997) that a president can be sued while in office for something he did before becoming President
Jones seeks evidence that Clinton had a habit of sexually harrassing women
Settles with Clinton out of court
Kenneth Starr
-Appointed Special Prosecutor to investigate illegal Clinton activity in Whitewater business deal
After 3 years of investigation Starr finds Clinton did nothing wrong in "Whitewater"
Starr expands his investigation to find evidence of wrong doing or cover-up in the Paula Jones case
Clinton has an affair with young White House aid Monica Lewinski
-Jones seeks to use Lewinski as a witness in her case
<-Linda Tripp secretly tape records Lewinski telling her details of her affair with Clinton
*Clinton says under oath "I never had sexual relations with that woman [Monica Lewinski]."
*Starr shows Congress evidence of sexual activity with Monica Lewinski
*Congress impeaches Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justice
*Senate trial finds Clinton not guilty of any charges
*Clinton apologizes for lying about sexual relations
THE NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY
Clinton works for international treaties that reduce barriers to trade:
GATT and NAFTA
The Passage of these treaties means that:
*Big international corporations can do business less expensively and more easily
*There is more international trade -> This leads to more jobs and a better economy in the U.S.
*The world is more united: "A Global Economy"
*There will be moe jobs for people in poorer countries
Manufacturing jobs
Go to developing countries like China and Mexico
Workers in these countries can be:
*Paid very low wages
*Forced to work long hours
*Not allowed to have union
*Required to work in unsafe, harsh conditions
The Environment
Big corporations can go to countries with fewer environmental restrictions
*They won't have to pay money to follow environmental laws.
*The global environment suffers because corporations are permitted to pollute and dump toxic wastes in poorer countries.
Service Sector Jobs
Manufacturing jobs decrease in the U.S.
Service sector jobs increase, especially in:
*Internet corporations-online businesses called "dotcoms"
*Software
Corporations downsize
Workers are laid off to save
Many workers hired only as part time or temporary workers
-> So corporations don't have to pay benefits and can fire workers whenever they want.
Bill Clinton
-> Elected president in 1992
Al Gore
-> Vice President
Gays in the military
-> Clinton sought to end discrimination against gays in the military. Compromise policy= "Don't ask/Don't tell"
Health Care Reform
-> Clinton sought affordable health care for all Americans
*Hilary Clinton- in charge of the task force on health care
*Insurance companies opposed- Congress does not pass
The economy
-> Clinton inherits huge budget deficit (DEBTS) from Presidents Reagan and Bush
->By the end of his term in office Clinton had reduced the budget and created a budget surplus
->Clinton supports new technologies, software and internet companies
Creates millions of new jobs
->Economy booms
-> Stock market booms
Welfare Reform
->Clinton proposes $10 billion for job training, education and health care to help people learn higher paying jobs and get off welfare
Congress won't pass
-> Republicans support $56 billion cut in welfare- 2 year limit on time that poor Americans can receive benefits
Clinton signs
Foreign Policy
-> Clinton closes military bases; proposes big cuts in military spending now that the Cold War is over.
*Spend more on education, stopping crime and other problems at home
-> Clinton does send U.S. troops to help stop a war in Bosnia when war breaks out there.
*1995-Presidents of Bosniam Croatia and Serbia signs the Dayton Peace Accords
International Trade
->Clinton signs NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement- No tariffs or trade barriers between U.S.- Canada & Mexico
->Clinton signs GATT-General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Makes it easier to do business worldwide. Sets up the WTO-World Trade Organization
Republican Opposition to Clinton
1994 Midterm elections
->Republicans win control of both houses of Congress-plus 31/50 governors
Newt Gingrich
->Becomes "Speaker of the House"- Leader of the Republicans in Congress
Government Shutdown
->Republicans/Gingrich CONTRACT WITH AMERICA:
*Cut taxes
*Increase military spending
*Cut welfare payments
->Democrats/Clinton
*Tax on wealthy
*Cut military spending (now that the Cold War is over)
*Money for job training childcare
->CAN'T AGREE ON PRIORITIES
->CAN'T PASS THE FEDERAL BUDGET BY THE DEADLINE
-> GOVERNMENT SHUTS DOWN FOR A FEW WEEKS IN 1995, 1996.
->FEDERAL EMPLOYEES DON'T GET PAID
The American people
->American people/opinion polls tend to support Clinton-blame stubborn radical Republicans like Gingrich for the governmnt shutdown
CLINTON RE-ELECTED IN 1996
The Clinton Impeachment
Paula Jones
-Brings a lawsuit against Pres. Clinton--that he made sexual advances/sexual harrassment in 1991.
U.S. Supreme Court decides in Clinton v. Jones (1997) that a president can be sued while in office for something he did before becoming President
Jones seeks evidence that Clinton had a habit of sexually harrassing women
Settles with Clinton out of court
Kenneth Starr
-Appointed Special Prosecutor to investigate illegal Clinton activity in Whitewater business deal
After 3 years of investigation Starr finds Clinton did nothing wrong in "Whitewater"
Starr expands his investigation to find evidence of wrong doing or cover-up in the Paula Jones case
Clinton has an affair with young White House aid Monica Lewinski
-Jones seeks to use Lewinski as a witness in her case
<-Linda Tripp secretly tape records Lewinski telling her details of her affair with Clinton
*Clinton says under oath "I never had sexual relations with that woman [Monica Lewinski]."
*Starr shows Congress evidence of sexual activity with Monica Lewinski
*Congress impeaches Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justice
*Senate trial finds Clinton not guilty of any charges
*Clinton apologizes for lying about sexual relations
THE NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY
Clinton works for international treaties that reduce barriers to trade:
GATT and NAFTA
The Passage of these treaties means that:
*Big international corporations can do business less expensively and more easily
*There is more international trade -> This leads to more jobs and a better economy in the U.S.
*The world is more united: "A Global Economy"
*There will be moe jobs for people in poorer countries
Manufacturing jobs
Go to developing countries like China and Mexico
Workers in these countries can be:
*Paid very low wages
*Forced to work long hours
*Not allowed to have union
*Required to work in unsafe, harsh conditions
The Environment
Big corporations can go to countries with fewer environmental restrictions
*They won't have to pay money to follow environmental laws.
*The global environment suffers because corporations are permitted to pollute and dump toxic wastes in poorer countries.
Service Sector Jobs
Manufacturing jobs decrease in the U.S.
Service sector jobs increase, especially in:
*Internet corporations-online businesses called "dotcoms"
*Software
Corporations downsize
Workers are laid off to save
Many workers hired only as part time or temporary workers
-> So corporations don't have to pay benefits and can fire workers whenever they want.
Monday, March 16, 2009
U.S. History CH. 25 Notes
Conservatives Win Political Power
Ronald Reagan
->Republican-elected President-1980
->Former movie actor
->Former governor of Californoa
->George Bush (Sr.) is vice president
->Elected by a conservative coalition:
*Big business leaders
*Fundamentalist Christians
*Frustrated middle class Americans and Democrats
Goals of the Conservative Movement
- and Ronald Reagan
->Less government spending
*On entitlement programs
*Less money spent on the poor, minorities and the environment
->Promoting traditional moral values
* "Families"--not gay rights or women's liberation
*Opposed lgel abortions
->Less government regulation of businesses
*Fewer environmental restrictions
*Fewer restrictions in investment
->Lower taxes
*On businesses and investment
*For most well off Americans
->Strong Defense
*Tough on Communism-the "Evil Empire"
*Increased military spending
*More contracts for big weapons manufacturers
"Reaganomics"-Supply-side Economics
ERTA-Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
*No cuts in social programs for wealthy and middle-class Americans (social security, Medicare)'
*Tax cuts-On business investment
-for most Americans
-especially wealthiest Americans
*Less government regulation of business
Big businesses & wealthiest Americans get wealthier right away
More investment will create
-more businesses
-new products
More jobs
More income for everyone
More tax revenue paid to the U.S. government Even though tax rates are lower
Trickle Down Theory
Supply-side economics:If the wealthy and big businesses have more money they will invest it in new businesses which will create more jobs->eventually everyone will have more money including the poor.
->Social programs cut:Welfare, job-trainingm school lunches
->No big tax cuts for the poor
->No significant increase in jobs for poor Americans
The government never gets more revenue from taxes
National Debt 1981-1989
The national debt increases dramatically.
Domestic Issues Under President Reagan
The Supreme Court
->Becomes more conservative
*Reagan appoints Sandra Day O'Connor-first woman Supreme Court Justice
*She was conservative
*Reagan also appoints conservative Justices Scalia and Kennedy
*Reagan appoints conservative Justice William Rehnquist as Chief Justice
*President Bush appoints conservative justices David Souter and Clarence Thomas
*Now the court has more conservative justices:
*1989-Ct. restricts a woman's right to abortion
*new restrictions on Civil Rights laws
*1990-91-Narrowed rights of arrested persons
Savings and Loan Scandal
->Reagan deregulates Savings and Loan bank
*Allows banks to make more risky investment
*U.S. government still insures customer accounts
*Charles Keating and other bank presidencies lose billions of dollars of customer's money
*The federal government (and taxpayers) must pay over $187 billion to make up for losses
The Environment
*Reagan appointed administrators of the EPA who supported business
*Encouraged timber cutting in national forests
*Fired hundreds of inspectors
Domestic Problems 1980-1992
Abortion
->Supreme Court rules that government clinics for the poor do not have to provide abortions
Drug Abuse
->Unemployed youth sell crack cocaine and other drugs on city streets. Gang violence increases
*Bush and Reagan call for a "War on drugs"
*Nancy Reagan starts "Just say no!" to drugs
Education
->U.S. students test scores are lower than other countries. Many 17 year old Americans can not read. Drop out rate increases
Urban Violence
->(1992) Violence erupts in L.A. after police who were videotaped beating Rodney King are aquitted of wrong doing by a mostly white jury. 51 people killed; $1 billion in damage
African Americans
->(1980s) Many African American mayors of large cities; governor of Virginia. Jesse Jackson runs for president in 1984, 1988.
Latino Americans
->(1980s) Latino governor of New Mexico and Florida; mayors of several large cities. Lauro Cavazos-Secretary of Education;Dr. Antonia Coello Novello-Surgeon General
Native Americans
Allowed to open casinos on tribal land. New monry for jobs to end poverty.
Asian Americans
->Second fastest growing minority
Daniel Inouye
->U.S. Senator from Hawaii
Gays and Lesbians
->Become more vocal seeking funding for AIDS research;end to hate crimes;end to discrimination in hiring
Iran-Contra Scandal
1983-Iranian terrorist group takes U.S. citizens hostage in Lebanon.
Reagan tells U.S. allies not to sell arms to Contras
Reagan secretly sells arms to Iran in exchange for hostages
The Boland Amendment passed by the U.S. Congress says military aid to Contras is prohibited.
Money from Iranian arms sale goes to fund Contras who were fighting Communism in Nicaragua.
Contras
Backed by the C.I.A.
Did Reagan know about this?? Should he be impeached??
Mikhail Gorbachev Reforms the Soviet Union
Gorbachev
->Becomes the Soviet Union's new, young leader in 1985.
Gorbachev's New Policies
--Glasnost
(1985)-"Free flow of ideas and information"
*Churches open
*People who criticized the govt. are freed from prison
*Newspapers can criticize the govt.
--Perestroika
-Greater freedom in the economy: (1985)
*More local control of farms and factories
*Some people allowed to make money in private businesses
Democratization
(1987)-People can elect the legislative body
Foreign policy
->Diplomatic/talking not force
ARMS CONTROL/INF Treaty
Collapse of the Soviet Union
March 1990
->Lithuiania declares its independence from the Soviet Union
January 1991
->Gorbachev cracks down on the rebellion-kills 14 in Lithuiana
Gorbachev loses popularity
->Poor economy assault on Lithuiana
June 1991
->Boris Yeltsin elected president of Russia
August 18, 1991
->Hard-line communists send tanks to take over Moscow in a coup
->Yeltsin climbs on a tank-soldiers side with Yeltsin and protesters
August 1991
->Soviet Communist Party Collapse
Dec. 15, 1991
->15 republics declare their independence
Dec 25, 1991
->Gorbachev resigns. Yeltsin and 11 republics form CIS-Commonwealth of Independent States
Ronald Reagan
->Republican-elected President-1980
->Former movie actor
->Former governor of Californoa
->George Bush (Sr.) is vice president
->Elected by a conservative coalition:
*Big business leaders
*Fundamentalist Christians
*Frustrated middle class Americans and Democrats
Goals of the Conservative Movement
- and Ronald Reagan
->Less government spending
*On entitlement programs
*Less money spent on the poor, minorities and the environment
->Promoting traditional moral values
* "Families"--not gay rights or women's liberation
*Opposed lgel abortions
->Less government regulation of businesses
*Fewer environmental restrictions
*Fewer restrictions in investment
->Lower taxes
*On businesses and investment
*For most well off Americans
->Strong Defense
*Tough on Communism-the "Evil Empire"
*Increased military spending
*More contracts for big weapons manufacturers
"Reaganomics"-Supply-side Economics
ERTA-Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
*No cuts in social programs for wealthy and middle-class Americans (social security, Medicare)'
*Tax cuts-On business investment
-for most Americans
-especially wealthiest Americans
*Less government regulation of business
Big businesses & wealthiest Americans get wealthier right away
More investment will create
-more businesses
-new products
More jobs
More income for everyone
More tax revenue paid to the U.S. government Even though tax rates are lower
Trickle Down Theory
Supply-side economics:If the wealthy and big businesses have more money they will invest it in new businesses which will create more jobs->eventually everyone will have more money including the poor.
->Social programs cut:Welfare, job-trainingm school lunches
->No big tax cuts for the poor
->No significant increase in jobs for poor Americans
The government never gets more revenue from taxes
National Debt 1981-1989
The national debt increases dramatically.
Domestic Issues Under President Reagan
The Supreme Court
->Becomes more conservative
*Reagan appoints Sandra Day O'Connor-first woman Supreme Court Justice
*She was conservative
*Reagan also appoints conservative Justices Scalia and Kennedy
*Reagan appoints conservative Justice William Rehnquist as Chief Justice
*President Bush appoints conservative justices David Souter and Clarence Thomas
*Now the court has more conservative justices:
*1989-Ct. restricts a woman's right to abortion
*new restrictions on Civil Rights laws
*1990-91-Narrowed rights of arrested persons
Savings and Loan Scandal
->Reagan deregulates Savings and Loan bank
*Allows banks to make more risky investment
*U.S. government still insures customer accounts
*Charles Keating and other bank presidencies lose billions of dollars of customer's money
*The federal government (and taxpayers) must pay over $187 billion to make up for losses
The Environment
*Reagan appointed administrators of the EPA who supported business
*Encouraged timber cutting in national forests
*Fired hundreds of inspectors
Domestic Problems 1980-1992
Abortion
->Supreme Court rules that government clinics for the poor do not have to provide abortions
Drug Abuse
->Unemployed youth sell crack cocaine and other drugs on city streets. Gang violence increases
*Bush and Reagan call for a "War on drugs"
*Nancy Reagan starts "Just say no!" to drugs
Education
->U.S. students test scores are lower than other countries. Many 17 year old Americans can not read. Drop out rate increases
Urban Violence
->(1992) Violence erupts in L.A. after police who were videotaped beating Rodney King are aquitted of wrong doing by a mostly white jury. 51 people killed; $1 billion in damage
African Americans
->(1980s) Many African American mayors of large cities; governor of Virginia. Jesse Jackson runs for president in 1984, 1988.
Latino Americans
->(1980s) Latino governor of New Mexico and Florida; mayors of several large cities. Lauro Cavazos-Secretary of Education;Dr. Antonia Coello Novello-Surgeon General
Native Americans
Allowed to open casinos on tribal land. New monry for jobs to end poverty.
Asian Americans
->Second fastest growing minority
Daniel Inouye
->U.S. Senator from Hawaii
Gays and Lesbians
->Become more vocal seeking funding for AIDS research;end to hate crimes;end to discrimination in hiring
Iran-Contra Scandal
1983-Iranian terrorist group takes U.S. citizens hostage in Lebanon.
Reagan tells U.S. allies not to sell arms to Contras
Reagan secretly sells arms to Iran in exchange for hostages
The Boland Amendment passed by the U.S. Congress says military aid to Contras is prohibited.
Money from Iranian arms sale goes to fund Contras who were fighting Communism in Nicaragua.
Contras
Backed by the C.I.A.
Did Reagan know about this?? Should he be impeached??
Mikhail Gorbachev Reforms the Soviet Union
Gorbachev
->Becomes the Soviet Union's new, young leader in 1985.
Gorbachev's New Policies
--Glasnost
(1985)-"Free flow of ideas and information"
*Churches open
*People who criticized the govt. are freed from prison
*Newspapers can criticize the govt.
--Perestroika
-Greater freedom in the economy: (1985)
*More local control of farms and factories
*Some people allowed to make money in private businesses
Democratization
(1987)-People can elect the legislative body
Foreign policy
->Diplomatic/talking not force
ARMS CONTROL/INF Treaty
Collapse of the Soviet Union
March 1990
->Lithuiania declares its independence from the Soviet Union
January 1991
->Gorbachev cracks down on the rebellion-kills 14 in Lithuiana
Gorbachev loses popularity
->Poor economy assault on Lithuiana
June 1991
->Boris Yeltsin elected president of Russia
August 18, 1991
->Hard-line communists send tanks to take over Moscow in a coup
->Yeltsin climbs on a tank-soldiers side with Yeltsin and protesters
August 1991
->Soviet Communist Party Collapse
Dec. 15, 1991
->15 republics declare their independence
Dec 25, 1991
->Gorbachev resigns. Yeltsin and 11 republics form CIS-Commonwealth of Independent States
Monday, March 9, 2009
U.S. History CH. 24 Notes
The Nixon Administration
Problems
1. Size and power of the federal government
2.Ineffieciency of the welfare system
3.Vietnam War and domestic disorder
4. Nixon's reelection
5. Liberalism of Supreme Court justices
6.Stagflation and recession
7.U.S.-China relations
8.U.S.-Soviet relations
Policies
New Federalism-more power, revenue -> state & local govts.
Impoundment-held back funds for programs he didn't like
Nixon backed the Family Assistance Plan -> guaranteed income, but welfare recepients must find work. Did not pass.
Sought to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam, conducted peace talks.
Illegal FBI wiretaps and IRS investigations of suspicious groups and persons
Southern Strategy-win votes from southern states that didn't like civil rights laws. Worked to delay school desegregation. Opposed extending the Voting Rights Act
Appointed 4 new conservative Supreme Court Justices:Burger, Blackman, Rehnquist, and Powell
Raised interest rates to cut inflation.
90 day wage and price freeze
Detente-visited China, negotiated directly with the Chinese. Signed important agreements
Detente-visited Soviet Union. Signed agreement on West Berlin. Signed SALT I Treaty -> limiting nuclear weapons
President Nixon and Watergate
Nixon's foreign policy
->Nixon helps ease Cold War tension
->Nixon's visit to Communist China and the Soviet Union helps further the new policy of detente.
->Nixon pulls U.S. troops out of Vietnam
->Nixon signs SALT I Treaty with the Soviet Union, for Nuclear Arms limits (1972)
Watergate
->U.S. presidency has increased power under Nixon
->Nixon distances himself from others and relies on a small group of close advisers
->Nixon seeks reelection in 1972 "by any means possible."
->Nixon participates in a White House cover-up of their involvement in the burglary
->The Senate begins an investigation of possible White House involvement in the Watergate break-in
->Witnesses at these hearings accuse Nixon and other White House officials of orchestrating a cover-up
->Nixon refuses to release White House tape recordings that could prove his involvement in a cover-up
->The House Judiciary Committee votes to ask for impeachment of Nixo
Problems
1. Size and power of the federal government
2.Ineffieciency of the welfare system
3.Vietnam War and domestic disorder
4. Nixon's reelection
5. Liberalism of Supreme Court justices
6.Stagflation and recession
7.U.S.-China relations
8.U.S.-Soviet relations
Policies
New Federalism-more power, revenue -> state & local govts.
Impoundment-held back funds for programs he didn't like
Nixon backed the Family Assistance Plan -> guaranteed income, but welfare recepients must find work. Did not pass.
Sought to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam, conducted peace talks.
Illegal FBI wiretaps and IRS investigations of suspicious groups and persons
Southern Strategy-win votes from southern states that didn't like civil rights laws. Worked to delay school desegregation. Opposed extending the Voting Rights Act
Appointed 4 new conservative Supreme Court Justices:Burger, Blackman, Rehnquist, and Powell
Raised interest rates to cut inflation.
90 day wage and price freeze
Detente-visited China, negotiated directly with the Chinese. Signed important agreements
Detente-visited Soviet Union. Signed agreement on West Berlin. Signed SALT I Treaty -> limiting nuclear weapons
President Nixon and Watergate
Nixon's foreign policy
->Nixon helps ease Cold War tension
->Nixon's visit to Communist China and the Soviet Union helps further the new policy of detente.
->Nixon pulls U.S. troops out of Vietnam
->Nixon signs SALT I Treaty with the Soviet Union, for Nuclear Arms limits (1972)
Watergate
->U.S. presidency has increased power under Nixon
->Nixon distances himself from others and relies on a small group of close advisers
->Nixon seeks reelection in 1972 "by any means possible."
->Nixon participates in a White House cover-up of their involvement in the burglary
->The Senate begins an investigation of possible White House involvement in the Watergate break-in
->Witnesses at these hearings accuse Nixon and other White House officials of orchestrating a cover-up
->Nixon refuses to release White House tape recordings that could prove his involvement in a cover-up
->The House Judiciary Committee votes to ask for impeachment of Nixo
Monday, March 2, 2009
U.S. History CH. 23 Notes
Growing Presence of Latino Americans
Mexican Americans
-Here before Mex-AM War
-Came after violence in 1910
-Braceros-during WWII
-1960s-today-many illegally crossed the borders
Puerto Ricans
-1 million migrated to Northeast U.S.
-600,000 in NYC
Latino Americans
-2006-15% of U.S. pop.
-2008-44% of N.M. pop.
-Largest U.S. minority
"Coyotes"- help poor Latinos to cross U.S. border illegally for a fee often dishonest
Cubans
-Most came to U.S. after Castro took over Cuba
-Most settled in Miami
Salvadoreans, Guatemalans, Nicaraguans, Colombians
-Came to U.S. to escape civil wars, brutal dictatorship and poverty
Latino Americans in the U.S.
Prejudice
Discrimination in jobs and housing
Segregation
-Barrios-segregated neighborhoods
Organizations to fight back
-United Farm Workers
-MAPA
-La Raza Unida
Latino American Rights
Latino Americans are the fastest growing minority in America and are now the largest minority
Farm Workers
*Hard work for little pay or benefits
*Cesar Chavez sought to organize and unionize Latino American farm workers using nonviolent means
*United Farm Workers-farm workers union formed by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta
*1965-1970 Grape boycott-Chavez organized a boycott of grapes in supermarkets all across the country, until the farm owners recognized the UFW and gave them better pay and benefits
*Bilingual Education Act of 1968-provided for bilingual education and cultural heritage programs in schools
Native Americans
*Have suffered highest unemployment and poverty rate. Also have suffered more from suicidem health problems, and alcoholism.
*American Indian Movement (AIM)-militant Native American movement started in 1968 confronting the government to demand recognition of Nat. Am.'s poor treatment throughout history
-1969-Occupation of Alcatraz Island for 18 months
-1973-Protest in Wounded Knee -> against poor living conditions
-1972- Indian Education Act
-1975-Indian Self-Determination and Ed. Assistance Act
Women's Rights
Feminism
*The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men
Civil Rights Act of 1964
*Prohibits discrimination based on "gender"
The problem:1950
*Only 1 in 3 women worked
*Many jobs (e.g. construction, military combat) were closed to women
*Women were still paid less for the same work in many cases
*Women were rarely promoted to highee level management positions
*Women are supposed to stay at home, take care of children, cook, clean house and have babies
Betty Friedan
*Writes "The Feminism Mystique: about women's modern feeling of emptiness at being stuck at home
Gloria Steinem
*Organize N.O.W. to actively work for women's rights
The Equal Rights Amendment (E.R.A.)
*Constitutional amendment passes in 35 states/38 needed
Results
*Female Law Sch. Grad.
-1970-5%
-2000-49%
*Med. Sch.
-1970-8%
-2007-49%
*Women Working
-1950-29%
-2007-75%
Women in Congress
-1975-19
-2009-93 (76-HR, 17-S)
Women's Movement vs. New Right
Gloria Steinem
-> N.O.W.
->Ms. Magazine
->Pro-E.R.A.
->Roc v. Wade
*Pro abortion rights
->New attitudes!
->New oppurtunities!
->New rights for women!
->No more job and wage discrimination!
->Feminism
Phyllis Schlafly
->"Stop E.R.A." campaign
->Anti-abortion
->Traditional family
->Traditional moral values
->Women belong in the home caring for families
->Equal rights will mean women will be drafted and husbands won't have to pay child support!
->Conservative
60s Counterculture
*Long Hair
*Drug Use
-LSD
-Marijuana
*Colorful clothes
*Rock music
*American materialistic society is B-A-D!
*Peace & Love
*Liberal views on sexuality
*Communes
-peaceful cooperative living
*Eastern Religions
-Zen Buddhism
-Transcendental Meditation
Results
+New Art-Andy Warhol
+New clothing styles
+Woodstock-music festival
+New perspective
*On religion
*On sexuality
*On lifestyles
*On the govt.
*On peace and war
x Drug overdoses
x Charles Manson/violence
x Many live off welfare
x Moral decay
x Conservative reaction
*Republicans win 1968 election
*Country turns conservative (Pres. Reagan/Bush)
Mexican Americans
-Here before Mex-AM War
-Came after violence in 1910
-Braceros-during WWII
-1960s-today-many illegally crossed the borders
Puerto Ricans
-1 million migrated to Northeast U.S.
-600,000 in NYC
Latino Americans
-2006-15% of U.S. pop.
-2008-44% of N.M. pop.
-Largest U.S. minority
"Coyotes"- help poor Latinos to cross U.S. border illegally for a fee often dishonest
Cubans
-Most came to U.S. after Castro took over Cuba
-Most settled in Miami
Salvadoreans, Guatemalans, Nicaraguans, Colombians
-Came to U.S. to escape civil wars, brutal dictatorship and poverty
Latino Americans in the U.S.
Prejudice
Discrimination in jobs and housing
Segregation
-Barrios-segregated neighborhoods
Organizations to fight back
-United Farm Workers
-MAPA
-La Raza Unida
Latino American Rights
Latino Americans are the fastest growing minority in America and are now the largest minority
Farm Workers
*Hard work for little pay or benefits
*Cesar Chavez sought to organize and unionize Latino American farm workers using nonviolent means
*United Farm Workers-farm workers union formed by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta
*1965-1970 Grape boycott-Chavez organized a boycott of grapes in supermarkets all across the country, until the farm owners recognized the UFW and gave them better pay and benefits
*Bilingual Education Act of 1968-provided for bilingual education and cultural heritage programs in schools
Native Americans
*Have suffered highest unemployment and poverty rate. Also have suffered more from suicidem health problems, and alcoholism.
*American Indian Movement (AIM)-militant Native American movement started in 1968 confronting the government to demand recognition of Nat. Am.'s poor treatment throughout history
-1969-Occupation of Alcatraz Island for 18 months
-1973-Protest in Wounded Knee -> against poor living conditions
-1972- Indian Education Act
-1975-Indian Self-Determination and Ed. Assistance Act
Women's Rights
Feminism
*The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men
Civil Rights Act of 1964
*Prohibits discrimination based on "gender"
The problem:1950
*Only 1 in 3 women worked
*Many jobs (e.g. construction, military combat) were closed to women
*Women were still paid less for the same work in many cases
*Women were rarely promoted to highee level management positions
*Women are supposed to stay at home, take care of children, cook, clean house and have babies
Betty Friedan
*Writes "The Feminism Mystique: about women's modern feeling of emptiness at being stuck at home
Gloria Steinem
*Organize N.O.W. to actively work for women's rights
The Equal Rights Amendment (E.R.A.)
*Constitutional amendment passes in 35 states/38 needed
Results
*Female Law Sch. Grad.
-1970-5%
-2000-49%
*Med. Sch.
-1970-8%
-2007-49%
*Women Working
-1950-29%
-2007-75%
Women in Congress
-1975-19
-2009-93 (76-HR, 17-S)
Women's Movement vs. New Right
Gloria Steinem
-> N.O.W.
->Ms. Magazine
->Pro-E.R.A.
->Roc v. Wade
*Pro abortion rights
->New attitudes!
->New oppurtunities!
->New rights for women!
->No more job and wage discrimination!
->Feminism
Phyllis Schlafly
->"Stop E.R.A." campaign
->Anti-abortion
->Traditional family
->Traditional moral values
->Women belong in the home caring for families
->Equal rights will mean women will be drafted and husbands won't have to pay child support!
->Conservative
60s Counterculture
*Long Hair
*Drug Use
-LSD
-Marijuana
*Colorful clothes
*Rock music
*American materialistic society is B-A-D!
*Peace & Love
*Liberal views on sexuality
*Communes
-peaceful cooperative living
*Eastern Religions
-Zen Buddhism
-Transcendental Meditation
Results
+New Art-Andy Warhol
+New clothing styles
+Woodstock-music festival
+New perspective
*On religion
*On sexuality
*On lifestyles
*On the govt.
*On peace and war
x Drug overdoses
x Charles Manson/violence
x Many live off welfare
x Moral decay
x Conservative reaction
*Republicans win 1968 election
*Country turns conservative (Pres. Reagan/Bush)
Wednesday, February 18, 2009
U.S. History CH. 22 Notes
The Vietnam War
Early 1900's
*France controls Vietnam and takes their resources
1930's
*Ho Chi Minh begins to lead Communist revolts against the French
1940-1945
*Japan invades and controls Vietnam in WWII
1945
*France takes over again after Japanese lose WWII
1954
*Vietnamase Communists and Nationalists defeat the French in a major battle at Dien Bien Phu
United States
*Supports France to stop Communism
Geneva Peace Conference (1954)
*Divide Vietnam in half at 17 degrees north latitude
Ho Chi Minh
*Rules North Vietnamn as a Communist dictator
Ngo Dinh Diem
*Rules South Vietnam as a dictator, supported by U.S. & France
The Beginning of U.S. Involvement in Vietnam
1950
*President Truman gives:
-$15 million aid to help French control Vietnam
-$2.6 billion over the next four years
1953
*President Eisenhower:
-Continues U.S. policy of giving aid to the French
-Domino theory-if we lose one country we may lose all the countries in Southeast Asia
1961
*President Kennedy:
-Supports Ngo Dinh Diem's government
-Increases aid to South Vietnam
-Sends in 16,000 "military advisors"
1964
*President Johnson:
-Believes politically and strategically that the U.S. cannot let Vietnam become communist
-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:Congress grants Johnson the power to use "all necessary measures" to repel attacks on the U.S. in Vietnam
1965
*50,000 U.S. troops are fighting in Vietnam
The Vietnam War
U.S.S.R. (Military aid, no troops)
China (Military aid, no troops)
North Korea (Ho Chi Minh)
Viet Cong (National Liberation Front)
-guerilla fighters seeking to take over South Vietnam
WAR
South Vietnam (Ngo Dinh Diem)
United States (troops and military aid)
American Troops in Vietnam
-1963-16,500
-1965-161,000
-1966-400,000
1967-475,000
-1968-536,000
The Vietnam War
Communist Vietcong from the north
*Used guerilla warfare to take over S. Vietnam
1950s-early 60s
*U.S. sends in military "advisors" to help South Vietnam
Aug.1964
*U.S. President Johnson claims North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships. U.S. begins to send in troops
1968
*U.S. has 500,000 troops in Vietnam
Vietnamese people
*Support the Vietcong
Vietnam war
*Becomes unpopular in U.S.
1969
*President Nixon begins pulling U.S. troops out
1973
*Last U.S. troops out
Deaths in the war
*Americans-58,000
Vietnamese-1.5 million
The Vietnam War
Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution (1964)
-President Johnson claims the North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships
-Congress grants the President the authority to use "all necessary means" in Vietnam
Selective Service
-The Vietnam War had a draft. College students and others could get special deferments
-The Vietnam War was fought mainly by 10 year-old, minority, "lower/working class" males
-Most of the soldiers who fought were not old enough to vote
Demonstrations/Protests
-The nation was sharply divided over whether the U.S. should be in Vietnam
-Students and young Americans staged huge Anti-war demonstrations
My Lai Massacre
-Many Vietnamese villagers fought for the Vietcong at night
-The soldiers couldn't tell who was an enemy and who wasn't
-U.S. soldiers lined up and massacred more than 100 Vietnamese villagers, mostly women and children
Turbulent Times
Nov. 22, 1963-President Kennedy Assassinated
July 2, 1964-Civil Rights Act of 1964
1964-1968-Race riots-Hundreds of riots in American cities
Blacks angry at:
*Police brutality
*No jobs
*Slum living conditions
*De facto segregation
Tet Offensive-U.S. loses hope of winning Vietnam War
April 3, 1968-Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated
June 1968-Presidential Candidate Robert Kennedy assassinated
1968-Vietnam War-500,000 U.S. soldiers-more than any year
August 1968-Huge violent demonstrations at Democratic National Convention-Chicago
May 4, 1970-4 students killed in anti-war. Demonstrations at Kent. State
The End of the Vietnam War
Tet Offensive
*North Vietnamese Communists launch a surprise offensive against South Vietnam
-U.S.-3,000 killed
-Vietcong-32,000 killed
-U.S. loses hope of ever winning the war
President Nixon
Vietnamization --> Gradual troop pullout
"Peace with honor"=Paris Peace Talks and massive bombings
April 30, 1970-Invasion and bombing of Cambodia ->Protests on 1200 college campuses -> Kent State massacre-4 students killed by National Guard.
Jan 23rd. 1973-Peace Agreement
March 1973-Last U.S. troops out of Vietnam
After the war
*North Vietnamese take over all of South Vietnam after U.S. troops leave-May 1975
-Many who fought against communist are put to death
-400,000 put in labor camps
-1.5 million South Vietnamese leave the country
-over 50,000 killed in boats trying to escape
Cambodia
*U.S. bombs Cambodia during the war because Vietcong are hiding there
-Communist Khmer Rouge govt. takes over
-Khmer Rouge puts to death 1/4 of the population: 2 million killed
Early 1900's
*France controls Vietnam and takes their resources
1930's
*Ho Chi Minh begins to lead Communist revolts against the French
1940-1945
*Japan invades and controls Vietnam in WWII
1945
*France takes over again after Japanese lose WWII
1954
*Vietnamase Communists and Nationalists defeat the French in a major battle at Dien Bien Phu
United States
*Supports France to stop Communism
Geneva Peace Conference (1954)
*Divide Vietnam in half at 17 degrees north latitude
Ho Chi Minh
*Rules North Vietnamn as a Communist dictator
Ngo Dinh Diem
*Rules South Vietnam as a dictator, supported by U.S. & France
The Beginning of U.S. Involvement in Vietnam
1950
*President Truman gives:
-$15 million aid to help French control Vietnam
-$2.6 billion over the next four years
1953
*President Eisenhower:
-Continues U.S. policy of giving aid to the French
-Domino theory-if we lose one country we may lose all the countries in Southeast Asia
1961
*President Kennedy:
-Supports Ngo Dinh Diem's government
-Increases aid to South Vietnam
-Sends in 16,000 "military advisors"
1964
*President Johnson:
-Believes politically and strategically that the U.S. cannot let Vietnam become communist
-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:Congress grants Johnson the power to use "all necessary measures" to repel attacks on the U.S. in Vietnam
1965
*50,000 U.S. troops are fighting in Vietnam
The Vietnam War
U.S.S.R. (Military aid, no troops)
China (Military aid, no troops)
North Korea (Ho Chi Minh)
Viet Cong (National Liberation Front)
-guerilla fighters seeking to take over South Vietnam
WAR
South Vietnam (Ngo Dinh Diem)
United States (troops and military aid)
American Troops in Vietnam
-1963-16,500
-1965-161,000
-1966-400,000
1967-475,000
-1968-536,000
The Vietnam War
Communist Vietcong from the north
*Used guerilla warfare to take over S. Vietnam
1950s-early 60s
*U.S. sends in military "advisors" to help South Vietnam
Aug.1964
*U.S. President Johnson claims North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships. U.S. begins to send in troops
1968
*U.S. has 500,000 troops in Vietnam
Vietnamese people
*Support the Vietcong
Vietnam war
*Becomes unpopular in U.S.
1969
*President Nixon begins pulling U.S. troops out
1973
*Last U.S. troops out
Deaths in the war
*Americans-58,000
Vietnamese-1.5 million
The Vietnam War
Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution (1964)
-President Johnson claims the North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships
-Congress grants the President the authority to use "all necessary means" in Vietnam
Selective Service
-The Vietnam War had a draft. College students and others could get special deferments
-The Vietnam War was fought mainly by 10 year-old, minority, "lower/working class" males
-Most of the soldiers who fought were not old enough to vote
Demonstrations/Protests
-The nation was sharply divided over whether the U.S. should be in Vietnam
-Students and young Americans staged huge Anti-war demonstrations
My Lai Massacre
-Many Vietnamese villagers fought for the Vietcong at night
-The soldiers couldn't tell who was an enemy and who wasn't
-U.S. soldiers lined up and massacred more than 100 Vietnamese villagers, mostly women and children
Turbulent Times
Nov. 22, 1963-President Kennedy Assassinated
July 2, 1964-Civil Rights Act of 1964
1964-1968-Race riots-Hundreds of riots in American cities
Blacks angry at:
*Police brutality
*No jobs
*Slum living conditions
*De facto segregation
Tet Offensive-U.S. loses hope of winning Vietnam War
April 3, 1968-Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated
June 1968-Presidential Candidate Robert Kennedy assassinated
1968-Vietnam War-500,000 U.S. soldiers-more than any year
August 1968-Huge violent demonstrations at Democratic National Convention-Chicago
May 4, 1970-4 students killed in anti-war. Demonstrations at Kent. State
The End of the Vietnam War
Tet Offensive
*North Vietnamese Communists launch a surprise offensive against South Vietnam
-U.S.-3,000 killed
-Vietcong-32,000 killed
-U.S. loses hope of ever winning the war
President Nixon
Vietnamization --> Gradual troop pullout
"Peace with honor"=Paris Peace Talks and massive bombings
April 30, 1970-Invasion and bombing of Cambodia ->Protests on 1200 college campuses -> Kent State massacre-4 students killed by National Guard.
Jan 23rd. 1973-Peace Agreement
March 1973-Last U.S. troops out of Vietnam
After the war
*North Vietnamese take over all of South Vietnam after U.S. troops leave-May 1975
-Many who fought against communist are put to death
-400,000 put in labor camps
-1.5 million South Vietnamese leave the country
-over 50,000 killed in boats trying to escape
Cambodia
*U.S. bombs Cambodia during the war because Vietcong are hiding there
-Communist Khmer Rouge govt. takes over
-Khmer Rouge puts to death 1/4 of the population: 2 million killed
Tuesday, February 10, 2009
U.S. History CH. 21 Notes
Segregation in America
Plessy v. Ferguson
*Seperate facilities for blacks and whites does not violate the 14th Amendment which guarantees equal protection under the law for all Americans. As long as the facilities are equal
Jim Crow Laws
*Passed in the South which separated the races by law. Separate restrooms, restaurants;blacks and whites could not marry, etc
Black facilities were always inferior
*The U.S. spent 10 times as much money educating a White child as it did an African American child
NAACP Led by Thurgood Marshall
*Decided to challenge laws:blatantly segregated and unequal education and other facilities in court
(1950) Sweatt v. Painter
*State law schools must admit black applicants
(1946) Morgan v. Virginia
*Segregation on interstate buses is unconstitutional
Segregation and Civil Rights
(1896) Plessy v. Ferguson
*"Separate but equal" treatment does not deny "equal protection of the laws" (14th Amendment)
(1954) Brown v. Board of Ed.
*Legal segregation causes harm. Separate is inherently unequal
*1955- States must implement this "with all deliberate speed."
Southern Governors refuse to comply
Central High School, Little Rock (1957)
*President Eisenhower calls in the 101st Airborne troops to escort African American students
Rosa Parks (1955)
*Segregation on city buses
*Arrested for not giving seat to a white person
Dr. Martin Luther King
*Leads bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama
1956
*U.S. Supreme Court outlaws segregation on city buses
The Emerging Civil Rights Movement
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s strategy
*Protest peacefully and with dignity, then Americans and the world will be on your side. . . laws will change.
*King is inspired by the nonviolent methods of Mohandas K. Gandhi in India.
Anti-black violence
*In the south
*Whites seek to keep blacks "in their place."
*14 year-old Emmett Till id brutally murdered in 1955
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
*Founded by M.L. King to use nonviolent means to fight segregation
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
*College students willing to put their bodies on the line in nonviolent protests to end segregation
Lunch counter sit-ins (1960)
*SNCC members refuse to leave segregated lunch counters. Lunch counters in 48 cities and 11 states become desegregated
The Struggle for Equal Rights
Freedom Riders
*CORE and SNCC volunteers (whites and blacks together) ride on interstate buses into the South to test the law banning segregation on interstate buses
*Riders are fire bombed and beaten with lead pipes by white mobs. Southern police do not protect the riders
*TV news publicizes the events arounf the world. People around the world are outraged
*Kennedy calls in 400 U.S. marshals to escort the riders
*The Interstate Commerce Commission orders all interstate bus stop facilities to be desegregated
James Meredith
*Is escorted by troops to attend the University of Mississippi amidst violent protests by whites
Birmingham, Alabama
->Dr. King uses nonviolent means to desegregate one of the most racist cities in America
->Negative media publicity around the world results in a victory for desegregation
March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963)
->250,000 protesters gather peacefully to urge Congress to pass a new Civil Rights act. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his "I Have a Dream" speech.
July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed
->Bans segregation in all public places
Votiing Rights
Freedom Summer
->SNCC and Core seek to register voters in Mississippi
->90% of African Americans unable to vote in Miss.
->Volunteers suffer death, beatings, bombings
Selma Campaign
->M.L.K. supports voter registration in Selma, Alabama
->Protest march grows to 25,000
->President Johnson backs protesters
->A few weeks later, the Voting Rights Act of 1965-eliminates literacy test
24th Amendment
->(1968) Prohibits poll tax
Malcom X
->Whites are cause of black peoples condition
*Civil rights "by any means necessary"
*Blacks should separate themselves from white society
*Devout Muslim
Stokely Carmichael
->Helps start the Black Power movement
Black Panthers
->Armed revolutionary group. Also started daycare centers, breakfast programs
Civil Rights-Urban Poverty and Violence
De jure segregation
*Martin Luther King and the non-violent civil rights movement end legal segregation in the United States
De facto segregation
*Segregation still exists in the U.S. because, in fact, whites move to suburbs, leaving African-Americans together in poor urban areas
Race Riots
*Aug. 11, 1965- 5 days after President Johnson signs the Voting rights act, blacks in the Watts district of L.A. riot:34 killed, $30 million damage
*1966-more riots than ever before by poor African-Americans living in cities
*1967-Riots in 100 American cities-urban blacks frustrated by lack of jobsm decent housing and education
*1968-in April, after Martin Luther King is assassinated riots break out in 125 U.S. cities
Kerner Commission
*Studies causes of black riots:white racism-separate but unequal America
Unfinished work
*housing and job discrimination, educational inequality, poverty, racism
Plessy v. Ferguson
*Seperate facilities for blacks and whites does not violate the 14th Amendment which guarantees equal protection under the law for all Americans. As long as the facilities are equal
Jim Crow Laws
*Passed in the South which separated the races by law. Separate restrooms, restaurants;blacks and whites could not marry, etc
Black facilities were always inferior
*The U.S. spent 10 times as much money educating a White child as it did an African American child
NAACP Led by Thurgood Marshall
*Decided to challenge laws:blatantly segregated and unequal education and other facilities in court
(1950) Sweatt v. Painter
*State law schools must admit black applicants
(1946) Morgan v. Virginia
*Segregation on interstate buses is unconstitutional
Segregation and Civil Rights
(1896) Plessy v. Ferguson
*"Separate but equal" treatment does not deny "equal protection of the laws" (14th Amendment)
(1954) Brown v. Board of Ed.
*Legal segregation causes harm. Separate is inherently unequal
*1955- States must implement this "with all deliberate speed."
Southern Governors refuse to comply
Central High School, Little Rock (1957)
*President Eisenhower calls in the 101st Airborne troops to escort African American students
Rosa Parks (1955)
*Segregation on city buses
*Arrested for not giving seat to a white person
Dr. Martin Luther King
*Leads bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama
1956
*U.S. Supreme Court outlaws segregation on city buses
The Emerging Civil Rights Movement
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s strategy
*Protest peacefully and with dignity, then Americans and the world will be on your side. . . laws will change.
*King is inspired by the nonviolent methods of Mohandas K. Gandhi in India.
Anti-black violence
*In the south
*Whites seek to keep blacks "in their place."
*14 year-old Emmett Till id brutally murdered in 1955
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
*Founded by M.L. King to use nonviolent means to fight segregation
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
*College students willing to put their bodies on the line in nonviolent protests to end segregation
Lunch counter sit-ins (1960)
*SNCC members refuse to leave segregated lunch counters. Lunch counters in 48 cities and 11 states become desegregated
The Struggle for Equal Rights
Freedom Riders
*CORE and SNCC volunteers (whites and blacks together) ride on interstate buses into the South to test the law banning segregation on interstate buses
*Riders are fire bombed and beaten with lead pipes by white mobs. Southern police do not protect the riders
*TV news publicizes the events arounf the world. People around the world are outraged
*Kennedy calls in 400 U.S. marshals to escort the riders
*The Interstate Commerce Commission orders all interstate bus stop facilities to be desegregated
James Meredith
*Is escorted by troops to attend the University of Mississippi amidst violent protests by whites
Birmingham, Alabama
->Dr. King uses nonviolent means to desegregate one of the most racist cities in America
->Negative media publicity around the world results in a victory for desegregation
March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963)
->250,000 protesters gather peacefully to urge Congress to pass a new Civil Rights act. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his "I Have a Dream" speech.
July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed
->Bans segregation in all public places
Votiing Rights
Freedom Summer
->SNCC and Core seek to register voters in Mississippi
->90% of African Americans unable to vote in Miss.
->Volunteers suffer death, beatings, bombings
Selma Campaign
->M.L.K. supports voter registration in Selma, Alabama
->Protest march grows to 25,000
->President Johnson backs protesters
->A few weeks later, the Voting Rights Act of 1965-eliminates literacy test
24th Amendment
->(1968) Prohibits poll tax
Malcom X
->Whites are cause of black peoples condition
*Civil rights "by any means necessary"
*Blacks should separate themselves from white society
*Devout Muslim
Stokely Carmichael
->Helps start the Black Power movement
Black Panthers
->Armed revolutionary group. Also started daycare centers, breakfast programs
Civil Rights-Urban Poverty and Violence
De jure segregation
*Martin Luther King and the non-violent civil rights movement end legal segregation in the United States
De facto segregation
*Segregation still exists in the U.S. because, in fact, whites move to suburbs, leaving African-Americans together in poor urban areas
Race Riots
*Aug. 11, 1965- 5 days after President Johnson signs the Voting rights act, blacks in the Watts district of L.A. riot:34 killed, $30 million damage
*1966-more riots than ever before by poor African-Americans living in cities
*1967-Riots in 100 American cities-urban blacks frustrated by lack of jobsm decent housing and education
*1968-in April, after Martin Luther King is assassinated riots break out in 125 U.S. cities
Kerner Commission
*Studies causes of black riots:white racism-separate but unequal America
Unfinished work
*housing and job discrimination, educational inequality, poverty, racism
Monday, February 2, 2009
U.S. History CH. 20 Notes
Cold War Around the World
Developing Nations
U.S.
Gives aid to Third World (Developing Nations)
Military Aid Programs to Combat Poverty
Soviet Union
Gives weapons to Third World (Developing Nations)
Military & Technical Assistance
(SPIES)
Assassination Overthrow Govts.
CIA
KGB
U.S. gives money to Nonaligned Nations
->Neutral
->Independent
Soviet Union gives weapons to
-India
-Indonesia
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Bay of Pigs Invasion
The U.S. military and the C.I.A. support Cuban rebels living in the United States. The rebels invade and attempr ro overthrow Fidel Castro's government in April 1960.
The invasion fails.
New president Kennedy is embarrassed
Berlin Crisis
Too many people are escaping from East Berlin to West Berlin. ->Khrushchev tries to take over West Berlin. ->He threatens war if Kennedy refuses to remove U.S. troops from West Berlin.
->Kennedy stands firm and doesn't remove U.S. troops.->Khrushchev builds the Berlin Wall.
Cuban Missile Crisis
--Oct. 14, 1962-U.S. spy planes spot nuclear missile sites in Cuba
--Oct. 22, 1962-Kennedy appears on TV to tell Americans he will stop this arms buildup, and to be prepared for a nuclear attack
--Oct. 24, 1962-U.S. naval ships quarantine the island of Cuba. They surround the island with a naval blockade. U.S. troops prepare to invade Cuba.
--Oct. 25, 1962-Soviet ships approach Cuba. They turn around at the last minute.
--Oct. 28, 1962-Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles from Cuba. In exchange, the U.S. agrees not to invade Cuba and to remove missiles from Turkey.
This leads to:
Hotline
A direct telephone line set up between the White House and the Kremlin to be used in emergencies.
Limited Test Ban Treaty
The U.S. and Soviet Union agree to stop all testing of nuclear weapons above ground.
Latin America [E/C]
Chile
->1970-Allende-freely elected Marxist
->1973-CIA-helps overthrow Allende
->Augusto Pinochet-brutal dictator takes over
Cuba
->1959-Fidel Castro-Communist revolutionary;overthrows Batista [dictator-U.S. supported]
->1960-Bay of Pigs-U.S. supports an invasion to overthrow Castro-invasion FAILS
->July 1962-Khrushchev/Soviet Union
-Begin putting nuclear missiles in Cuba
->October 1962-Cuban Missile Crisis
-U.S. President Kennedy blockades Cuba and prepares to invade
-Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles
Nicaragua & El Salvador
->U.S. supported dictator Somoza is overthrown by Communist Sandanistas
->U.S. supports Contras-anti-communist rebels
Kennedy's New Frontier
Not passed by Congress
->Domestic proposals:
o Medical care for the elderly
o Rebuild poor urban areas
o Improve education
->A conservative Congress did not pass Kennedy's new legislation
Passed by Congress
->Deficit Spending-to help the economy out of its recession
o 20% increase in Defense spending
o Increased minimum wage to $1.25 per hour
0 Extended unemployment insurance
0 Assisstance to cities with high unemployment
->Peace Corps- a program of volunteers from the U.S. helping poorer people in developing nations of Asia, Africa, Latin America
->Billions of dollars in aid to Latin America to prevent the spread of Communism
->Space program-was greatly increased with the goal of placing a man on the moon
->1963-Kennedy calls for a national assault on poverty; orders Justice Department to investigate racial injustice in the South
Johnson's "Great Society"
Civil Rights Act of 1964
->Prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, national origin and gender; gave the federal govt. new powers to enforce this
Voting Rights Act (1965)
->Ended literacy tests and allows federal govt. to monitor elections
Economic Opportunity Act (Aug. 1964)
o Johnson declares "Unconstitutional War on Poverty"
*Early 1964
Creates:
->Job Corps-youth job training
->VISTA- Volunteers in Service to America (like a domestic Peace Corps.)
->Head Start-preschool education program for poor children
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
->First major federal program to help schools
Medicare
->Low cost medical care for Americans over 65
Medicaid
->Medical care for poor people on welfare
Immigration Act of 1965
->Took away some restrictions-opened the door for many Asians to immigrate to the U.S.
Water Quality Act; Air Quality Act
->First laws to protect the environment from pollution
Reforms of the Warren Court
~The U.S. Supreme Court in the 1950s and 1960s under Chief Justice Earl Warren takes a liberal view and makes changes in America~
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
->Segregation in public schools is inherently unequal
Banned prayer in public schoools
->1st Amendment; seperation of church and state
Reappointment
->"One person, one vote"
->Drew new lines for voting districts. This gave nore votes to minorities who were packed into urban districts.
-Bakers v. Carr (1962)
Mapp v. Ohio
-Evidence seized illegally [without a warrant] cannot be used in court
Gideon v. Wainwright
->Govt. must provide a lawyer to criminals who can't afford one
Escobedo v. Illinois
->Right to have a lawyer present when being questioned by police
Miranda v. Arizona
->People who are arrested must be read their rights before being questioned by police
Developing Nations
U.S.
Gives aid to Third World (Developing Nations)
Military Aid Programs to Combat Poverty
Soviet Union
Gives weapons to Third World (Developing Nations)
Military & Technical Assistance
(SPIES)
Assassination Overthrow Govts.
CIA
KGB
U.S. gives money to Nonaligned Nations
->Neutral
->Independent
Soviet Union gives weapons to
-India
-Indonesia
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Bay of Pigs Invasion
The U.S. military and the C.I.A. support Cuban rebels living in the United States. The rebels invade and attempr ro overthrow Fidel Castro's government in April 1960.
The invasion fails.
New president Kennedy is embarrassed
Berlin Crisis
Too many people are escaping from East Berlin to West Berlin. ->Khrushchev tries to take over West Berlin. ->He threatens war if Kennedy refuses to remove U.S. troops from West Berlin.
->Kennedy stands firm and doesn't remove U.S. troops.->Khrushchev builds the Berlin Wall.
Cuban Missile Crisis
--Oct. 14, 1962-U.S. spy planes spot nuclear missile sites in Cuba
--Oct. 22, 1962-Kennedy appears on TV to tell Americans he will stop this arms buildup, and to be prepared for a nuclear attack
--Oct. 24, 1962-U.S. naval ships quarantine the island of Cuba. They surround the island with a naval blockade. U.S. troops prepare to invade Cuba.
--Oct. 25, 1962-Soviet ships approach Cuba. They turn around at the last minute.
--Oct. 28, 1962-Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles from Cuba. In exchange, the U.S. agrees not to invade Cuba and to remove missiles from Turkey.
This leads to:
Hotline
A direct telephone line set up between the White House and the Kremlin to be used in emergencies.
Limited Test Ban Treaty
The U.S. and Soviet Union agree to stop all testing of nuclear weapons above ground.
Latin America [E/C]
Chile
->1970-Allende-freely elected Marxist
->1973-CIA-helps overthrow Allende
->Augusto Pinochet-brutal dictator takes over
Cuba
->1959-Fidel Castro-Communist revolutionary;overthrows Batista [dictator-U.S. supported]
->1960-Bay of Pigs-U.S. supports an invasion to overthrow Castro-invasion FAILS
->July 1962-Khrushchev/Soviet Union
-Begin putting nuclear missiles in Cuba
->October 1962-Cuban Missile Crisis
-U.S. President Kennedy blockades Cuba and prepares to invade
-Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles
Nicaragua & El Salvador
->U.S. supported dictator Somoza is overthrown by Communist Sandanistas
->U.S. supports Contras-anti-communist rebels
Kennedy's New Frontier
Not passed by Congress
->Domestic proposals:
o Medical care for the elderly
o Rebuild poor urban areas
o Improve education
->A conservative Congress did not pass Kennedy's new legislation
Passed by Congress
->Deficit Spending-to help the economy out of its recession
o 20% increase in Defense spending
o Increased minimum wage to $1.25 per hour
0 Extended unemployment insurance
0 Assisstance to cities with high unemployment
->Peace Corps- a program of volunteers from the U.S. helping poorer people in developing nations of Asia, Africa, Latin America
->Billions of dollars in aid to Latin America to prevent the spread of Communism
->Space program-was greatly increased with the goal of placing a man on the moon
->1963-Kennedy calls for a national assault on poverty; orders Justice Department to investigate racial injustice in the South
Johnson's "Great Society"
Civil Rights Act of 1964
->Prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, national origin and gender; gave the federal govt. new powers to enforce this
Voting Rights Act (1965)
->Ended literacy tests and allows federal govt. to monitor elections
Economic Opportunity Act (Aug. 1964)
o Johnson declares "Unconstitutional War on Poverty"
*Early 1964
Creates:
->Job Corps-youth job training
->VISTA- Volunteers in Service to America (like a domestic Peace Corps.)
->Head Start-preschool education program for poor children
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
->First major federal program to help schools
Medicare
->Low cost medical care for Americans over 65
Medicaid
->Medical care for poor people on welfare
Immigration Act of 1965
->Took away some restrictions-opened the door for many Asians to immigrate to the U.S.
Water Quality Act; Air Quality Act
->First laws to protect the environment from pollution
Reforms of the Warren Court
~The U.S. Supreme Court in the 1950s and 1960s under Chief Justice Earl Warren takes a liberal view and makes changes in America~
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
->Segregation in public schools is inherently unequal
Banned prayer in public schoools
->1st Amendment; seperation of church and state
Reappointment
->"One person, one vote"
->Drew new lines for voting districts. This gave nore votes to minorities who were packed into urban districts.
-Bakers v. Carr (1962)
Mapp v. Ohio
-Evidence seized illegally [without a warrant] cannot be used in court
Gideon v. Wainwright
->Govt. must provide a lawyer to criminals who can't afford one
Escobedo v. Illinois
->Right to have a lawyer present when being questioned by police
Miranda v. Arizona
->People who are arrested must be read their rights before being questioned by police
Monday, January 26, 2009
U.S. History Ch. 18 Notes
Two Superpowers Face Off
Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
*Great Britain-U.S.-Soviet Union decide how to divide up Europe and Germany after WWII is over.
Countries agree to allow free elections in countries they occupy
United Nations (June 1945)
*U.S. & Soviet Union + 48 countries form the United Nations
*General Assembly-All countries meet to talk and vote on issues
*Security Council- II countries
*China-Soviet Union-U.S.-Britain-France-have veto power, + 6 more countries that change
Has real power to authoruze military force and keep peace in the world
U.S. vs. Soviet Goals
U.S.
Democracy
*United Germany
*Promote stable democratic govts. in Europe, so countries can trade with the U.S.
Soviet Union
Communism
Divided Germany
Spread Communism to Europe
*Control European countries to use their resources and to protect the Soviet Union from war
Countries controlled by Soviet Union-Satellite Nations
Containment
*Keep Communism from spreading
Truman Doctrine
*Support the govt. of any country that is not communist
Marshall Plan
*Rebuild countries in Europe that were destroyed by WWII so they will not become communist, and so they will become strong trading partners with the U.S.
Communist China
After WWII
Mao's Communists battle with Jiang Jieshi's Nationalists
U.S. $2 billion
October 1949-Mao's Communists win control of China
U.S. help Taiwan (Jiang Jieshi)
->Jiang Jieshi flees to the tiny island of Taiwan
->The new Communist China invades Tibet and Mongolia
The Korean War
June 25, 1950
Communist North Korea invades South Korea
November 1950
General MacArthur and U.N. Troops trap N. Korea troops, and then push them back to the Yalu R.
End of Korean War
China and the U.S. pour troops into the war but neither North or South Korea is victorious.
July 1953
*Cease fire agreement is signed
38th Parallel
*The border is almost the same place it was before the war
54,000
*U.S. Soldiers killed
5,000,000
*Total soldiers and civilians die
1994
*Kim Jong II, communist dictator rules N. Korea develops nuclear weapons
1960s
*South Korea ruled by dictators
1987
*Democratic constitution; strong economy
The Fear of Communism
The Loyalty Review Board
*Begins investigating the Loyalty of federal employees in 1947
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
*Investigates all citizens inside and outside the govt.
Hollywood Ten
*Refused to testify before the HUAC because they believed people's constitutional rights were being violated
500 Hollywood actors, directors, etc.
*Were blacklisted and couldn't find work in their profession
*Careers were ruined
Alger Hiss and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
*Alger Hiss-first to tries for spying
*Rosenbergs are convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
*Both are executed on very little evidence
Senator Joseph McCarthy
*Begins attacking and accusing many people in the U.S. and the U.S. govt. of being Communists. "Fear Tactics"
Army hearings 1954
*1954--McCarthy accuses leaders of the Army of being communists
*People finally turn against him
*The U.S. Senate condemned him for improper conduct
U.S.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
U.S. & Canada
->Western Europe
->Military Alliance
Soviet Union
Warsaw Pact
Eastern Europe
->Soviet Union
->Military Alliance
Brinkmanship
"If you try anything we'll retaliate instantly!!"
Missiles/Space Race
Rocket technology used to deliver nuclear weapons
Cold War Tensions
U.S.
Nov.1, 1952
First H-Bomb
Stockpiling massive numbers of nuclear weapons
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)-begins secret activities to change or overthrow governments that are unfriendly to the U.S.
Soviet Union
August 1953
First Soviet Union H-Bomb
Stockpiling massive numbers of nuclear weapons
Suez Crisis
October 1916
*Soviets threaten to use Nuclear Weapons
U.N. imposed cease fire
Eisenhower and The Cold War
1953
*Stalin dies. NEW LEADER:Nikita Khrushchev publicly criticizes Stalin for committing crimes against his people
July 1955
*Eisenhower and Khrushchev summit meeting in Geneva. Hope that the Cold War will be over
November 1956
*Soviet Union cracks down on protesters in Hungary who demanded more liberties
*30,000 killed
*U.S. sends protests-no military aid
Eisenhower Doctrine
*U.S. will use military force to defend the Middle East from Communism
October 4, 1957
*Soviets send first satellite into space-"Sputnik"
January 31, 1958
*First U.S. satellite
*SPACE RACE BEGINS*
*To develop rocket technology to deliver weapons
U-2 incident
Soviets shoot down U.S. spy plane over Russia-Pilot:Francis Gary Powers
Cold War tensions get worse
Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
*Great Britain-U.S.-Soviet Union decide how to divide up Europe and Germany after WWII is over.
Countries agree to allow free elections in countries they occupy
United Nations (June 1945)
*U.S. & Soviet Union + 48 countries form the United Nations
*General Assembly-All countries meet to talk and vote on issues
*Security Council- II countries
*China-Soviet Union-U.S.-Britain-France-have veto power, + 6 more countries that change
Has real power to authoruze military force and keep peace in the world
U.S. vs. Soviet Goals
U.S.
Democracy
*United Germany
*Promote stable democratic govts. in Europe, so countries can trade with the U.S.
Soviet Union
Communism
Divided Germany
Spread Communism to Europe
*Control European countries to use their resources and to protect the Soviet Union from war
Countries controlled by Soviet Union-Satellite Nations
Containment
*Keep Communism from spreading
Truman Doctrine
*Support the govt. of any country that is not communist
Marshall Plan
*Rebuild countries in Europe that were destroyed by WWII so they will not become communist, and so they will become strong trading partners with the U.S.
Communist China
After WWII
Mao's Communists battle with Jiang Jieshi's Nationalists
U.S. $2 billion
October 1949-Mao's Communists win control of China
U.S. help Taiwan (Jiang Jieshi)
->Jiang Jieshi flees to the tiny island of Taiwan
->The new Communist China invades Tibet and Mongolia
The Korean War
June 25, 1950
Communist North Korea invades South Korea
November 1950
General MacArthur and U.N. Troops trap N. Korea troops, and then push them back to the Yalu R.
End of Korean War
China and the U.S. pour troops into the war but neither North or South Korea is victorious.
July 1953
*Cease fire agreement is signed
38th Parallel
*The border is almost the same place it was before the war
54,000
*U.S. Soldiers killed
5,000,000
*Total soldiers and civilians die
1994
*Kim Jong II, communist dictator rules N. Korea develops nuclear weapons
1960s
*South Korea ruled by dictators
1987
*Democratic constitution; strong economy
The Fear of Communism
The Loyalty Review Board
*Begins investigating the Loyalty of federal employees in 1947
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
*Investigates all citizens inside and outside the govt.
Hollywood Ten
*Refused to testify before the HUAC because they believed people's constitutional rights were being violated
500 Hollywood actors, directors, etc.
*Were blacklisted and couldn't find work in their profession
*Careers were ruined
Alger Hiss and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
*Alger Hiss-first to tries for spying
*Rosenbergs are convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
*Both are executed on very little evidence
Senator Joseph McCarthy
*Begins attacking and accusing many people in the U.S. and the U.S. govt. of being Communists. "Fear Tactics"
Army hearings 1954
*1954--McCarthy accuses leaders of the Army of being communists
*People finally turn against him
*The U.S. Senate condemned him for improper conduct
U.S.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
U.S. & Canada
->Western Europe
->Military Alliance
Soviet Union
Warsaw Pact
Eastern Europe
->Soviet Union
->Military Alliance
Brinkmanship
"If you try anything we'll retaliate instantly!!"
Missiles/Space Race
Rocket technology used to deliver nuclear weapons
Cold War Tensions
U.S.
Nov.1, 1952
First H-Bomb
Stockpiling massive numbers of nuclear weapons
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)-begins secret activities to change or overthrow governments that are unfriendly to the U.S.
Soviet Union
August 1953
First Soviet Union H-Bomb
Stockpiling massive numbers of nuclear weapons
Suez Crisis
October 1916
*Soviets threaten to use Nuclear Weapons
U.N. imposed cease fire
Eisenhower and The Cold War
1953
*Stalin dies. NEW LEADER:Nikita Khrushchev publicly criticizes Stalin for committing crimes against his people
July 1955
*Eisenhower and Khrushchev summit meeting in Geneva. Hope that the Cold War will be over
November 1956
*Soviet Union cracks down on protesters in Hungary who demanded more liberties
*30,000 killed
*U.S. sends protests-no military aid
Eisenhower Doctrine
*U.S. will use military force to defend the Middle East from Communism
October 4, 1957
*Soviets send first satellite into space-"Sputnik"
January 31, 1958
*First U.S. satellite
*SPACE RACE BEGINS*
*To develop rocket technology to deliver weapons
U-2 incident
Soviets shoot down U.S. spy plane over Russia-Pilot:Francis Gary Powers
Cold War tensions get worse
Wednesday, January 21, 2009
U.S. History Ch. 19 Notes
Postwar America
G.I. Bill Of Rights
>To help WWII veterans
>Tuition for education
>1 year's unemployment pay
>Loans for businesses and farms
Economic Growth
>After the Great Depression and WWII the U.S. economy grows like never before.
>America becomes the "affluent society"
-Savings from War Bonds; Cold War Defense spending
Harry S. Truman
>Democratic president in 1945
>Supports:
-Civil Rights-desegregates military
-Farmers and unions
-National health insurance
>A conservative congress fails to pass most of the measures Truman wants
>Truman orders to end desegregation in hiring of govt. employees
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
>Elected president in 1952-Republican
>A strong president to defend against communism
>Conservative on Civil Rights
"I don't believe you can change the hearts of men with laws or decisions
Baby boom
>Soldiers come home; women laid off working
>More babies are born than in any other generation
The Other America
The 1950s
*Was a time for great economic prosperity-mostly for wealthier White Americans
*40 million Americans live in poverty and don't see this economic growth
*Many of the poor are minorities who end up living in run down, filthy conditions in cities.
They live seperated from wealthier Americans in areas called ghettos
Braceros
*During WWII hired hands are needed to do temporary work. The U.S. set up this program to hire Mexicans who are supposed to return to Mexico
1953-55
*U.S. deports 2 million Mexicans and other illegal aliens
*Mexican/Latin American immigrants suffer
1948
*California Supreme Court ends segregated classrooms for Mexican Americans
*Mendez v. Westminster (1946)
G.I. Bill Of Rights
>To help WWII veterans
>Tuition for education
>1 year's unemployment pay
>Loans for businesses and farms
Economic Growth
>After the Great Depression and WWII the U.S. economy grows like never before.
>America becomes the "affluent society"
-Savings from War Bonds; Cold War Defense spending
Harry S. Truman
>Democratic president in 1945
>Supports:
-Civil Rights-desegregates military
-Farmers and unions
-National health insurance
>A conservative congress fails to pass most of the measures Truman wants
>Truman orders to end desegregation in hiring of govt. employees
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
>Elected president in 1952-Republican
>A strong president to defend against communism
>Conservative on Civil Rights
"I don't believe you can change the hearts of men with laws or decisions
Baby boom
>Soldiers come home; women laid off working
>More babies are born than in any other generation
The Other America
The 1950s
*Was a time for great economic prosperity-mostly for wealthier White Americans
*40 million Americans live in poverty and don't see this economic growth
*Many of the poor are minorities who end up living in run down, filthy conditions in cities.
They live seperated from wealthier Americans in areas called ghettos
Braceros
*During WWII hired hands are needed to do temporary work. The U.S. set up this program to hire Mexicans who are supposed to return to Mexico
1953-55
*U.S. deports 2 million Mexicans and other illegal aliens
*Mexican/Latin American immigrants suffer
1948
*California Supreme Court ends segregated classrooms for Mexican Americans
*Mendez v. Westminster (1946)
Tuesday, January 13, 2009
U.S. History CH. 17 Notes
Mobilization on the Home Front
1. Selective Service System
-> Men 18+ must register fort the military draft
-> Provided 10 million troops
2. Women
-> 250,000 served in support roles in the military (WAAC)
-> 6 million worked in industry for the war
3. Minorities
Served in the military:
-> 500,000 Mexican-Americans
-> 1 million African-Americans
-> 13,000 Chinese
-> 33,000 Japanese
-> 25,000 Native Americans
4. Manufacturers
-> Converted factories to production of weapons and war goods
-> Built more shipyards and defense plants
5. A. Philip Randolph
-Organized a march on Washington that got Pres. Roosevelt to issue an order calling an end to discrimination in war industries.
6. Office of Scientific Research and Development
-> Brought improvement in radar and sonar
-> Use of pesticides to fight insects
-> Developed penicillin and other drugs to save lives
-> Developed the atomic bomb
7. Entertainment
-> Produced war time propaganda films
-> Created films that allowed people to escape the horrors of war
-> Informed the public about the war
8. Office of Price Administration
-> Fought inflation
-> Set prices on most goods
->Created a system of rationing goods that were essential to the military
9. War Production Board
-> Coordinated and oversaw the conversion of all industries to wartime production
-> Decided how to divide up raw materials
-> Organized recycling drives for valuable resources
10. Rationing
-> Households received ration books with a fined number of coupons for buying scarce goods that the military needed such as gasoline.
Japan and the War in the Pacific
1. Japanese Agression in Asia
* Threatens U.S. controlled Guam and Philippine Islands
*U.S. cuts off oil shipment to Japan
2. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
*Dec. 7, 1941
* 2,400 Americans killed
*Most of U.S. Pacific Naval ships wiped out
3. Japan
Takes over:
*Guam
*Wake Is.
*Philippines
4. Bataan Death March
*150,000 U.S. prisoners marched until most of them die
*Feb. 1942
5. 1942
*U.S. bombers make it through and bomb Tokyo and other Japanese cities
6. Battle of Midway Island
*U.S. planes surprise the Japanese
*Destroy 250 Japanese planes and all four Japanese Aircraft carriers
7. The Tide Turns
*Now Allies hop from island to island and advanced on Japan
Allied Plan for Victory
1.Defeat Germany first
2.Attack on two fronts
Britain and the U.S. agreed on the ATLANTIC CHARTER
Germany---> Soviet Union
Allies (Great Britain/U.S.)
3.Accept only unconditional surrender
Allies Defeat Rommel in N. Africa
Nov. 8, 1942
U.S. Gen. Eisenhower
+107,000 U.S. troops land in Morocco & Algeria
May 1943
Desert Fox and German Army smashed
Nov. 3, 1942
Gen. Montgomery beats Rommel-Germany retreats
1943- Germany Losing on 2 Fronts
Feb. 2, 1943
German army surrenders at Stalingrad
July 10, 1943
Allied forces invade Italy
U.S. Mobilizes for war
*1940-45 U.S. factories convert to wartime production
*18 million workers
*many women
*$288 billion
*June 3, 1942
U.S. defeats Japan at the Battle of Midway Is.
Turning point in the War in the Pacific
*Feb. 19, 1942
U.S. fears attacks from Japan
120,000 Japanese-Americans are placed in internment camps on the west coast
Allied Victory in Europe
*June 6, 1944
D-Day-Allies invade Normandy beaches and push towards Germany
*Dec, 16, 1944
German Tanks surprise Allies at the Battle of the Bulge
*May 7, 1945
Hitler commits suicide.
Germany surrenders
Victory in the Pacific
*June 22, 1945
U.S. takes Okinawa after bloodiest WWII battle
U.S. estimates 500,000 U.S. lives would be lost taking Japan by land
*July 1945
Japan refuses to surrender
The Impact of WWII at Home in the U.S.
Economic Prosperity
WWII ends the Great Depression
-> Unemployment: 24.9%- 1932 --> 1.2%-1944
-> Average paycheck increases 70%
->Farmers income triples
->6 million women find new jobs
-Women are forced or pressured to leave jobs when men return from the war
Migration
->Many people move to cities where there are weapons plants
->African-Americans continue to migrate from the south
G.I. Bill of Rights
->Provided education and training for veterans returning from the war.
African-Americans
->U.S. military remains segregated in WWII
->Blacks finally allowed to participate in combat
-Many are decorated for distinguished service
Mexican Americans
->Serve in segregated units
->Many distinguished themselves in combat
"Zoot Suit" Riots
->White soldiers start a riot against Mexican-Americans who wear Zoot Suits(1943)
*Aug. 6 & 9, 1945
U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
-200,000 lives (mostly civilians) lost.
*Sept. 2, 1945
Japanese surrender to Gen. Douglas MacArthur
1. Selective Service System
-> Men 18+ must register fort the military draft
-> Provided 10 million troops
2. Women
-> 250,000 served in support roles in the military (WAAC)
-> 6 million worked in industry for the war
3. Minorities
Served in the military:
-> 500,000 Mexican-Americans
-> 1 million African-Americans
-> 13,000 Chinese
-> 33,000 Japanese
-> 25,000 Native Americans
4. Manufacturers
-> Converted factories to production of weapons and war goods
-> Built more shipyards and defense plants
5. A. Philip Randolph
-Organized a march on Washington that got Pres. Roosevelt to issue an order calling an end to discrimination in war industries.
6. Office of Scientific Research and Development
-> Brought improvement in radar and sonar
-> Use of pesticides to fight insects
-> Developed penicillin and other drugs to save lives
-> Developed the atomic bomb
7. Entertainment
-> Produced war time propaganda films
-> Created films that allowed people to escape the horrors of war
-> Informed the public about the war
8. Office of Price Administration
-> Fought inflation
-> Set prices on most goods
->Created a system of rationing goods that were essential to the military
9. War Production Board
-> Coordinated and oversaw the conversion of all industries to wartime production
-> Decided how to divide up raw materials
-> Organized recycling drives for valuable resources
10. Rationing
-> Households received ration books with a fined number of coupons for buying scarce goods that the military needed such as gasoline.
Japan and the War in the Pacific
1. Japanese Agression in Asia
* Threatens U.S. controlled Guam and Philippine Islands
*U.S. cuts off oil shipment to Japan
2. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
*Dec. 7, 1941
* 2,400 Americans killed
*Most of U.S. Pacific Naval ships wiped out
3. Japan
Takes over:
*Guam
*Wake Is.
*Philippines
4. Bataan Death March
*150,000 U.S. prisoners marched until most of them die
*Feb. 1942
5. 1942
*U.S. bombers make it through and bomb Tokyo and other Japanese cities
6. Battle of Midway Island
*U.S. planes surprise the Japanese
*Destroy 250 Japanese planes and all four Japanese Aircraft carriers
7. The Tide Turns
*Now Allies hop from island to island and advanced on Japan
Allied Plan for Victory
1.Defeat Germany first
2.Attack on two fronts
Britain and the U.S. agreed on the ATLANTIC CHARTER
Germany---> Soviet Union
Allies (Great Britain/U.S.)
3.Accept only unconditional surrender
Allies Defeat Rommel in N. Africa
Nov. 8, 1942
U.S. Gen. Eisenhower
+107,000 U.S. troops land in Morocco & Algeria
May 1943
Desert Fox and German Army smashed
Nov. 3, 1942
Gen. Montgomery beats Rommel-Germany retreats
1943- Germany Losing on 2 Fronts
Feb. 2, 1943
German army surrenders at Stalingrad
July 10, 1943
Allied forces invade Italy
U.S. Mobilizes for war
*1940-45 U.S. factories convert to wartime production
*18 million workers
*many women
*$288 billion
*June 3, 1942
U.S. defeats Japan at the Battle of Midway Is.
Turning point in the War in the Pacific
*Feb. 19, 1942
U.S. fears attacks from Japan
120,000 Japanese-Americans are placed in internment camps on the west coast
Allied Victory in Europe
*June 6, 1944
D-Day-Allies invade Normandy beaches and push towards Germany
*Dec, 16, 1944
German Tanks surprise Allies at the Battle of the Bulge
*May 7, 1945
Hitler commits suicide.
Germany surrenders
Victory in the Pacific
*June 22, 1945
U.S. takes Okinawa after bloodiest WWII battle
U.S. estimates 500,000 U.S. lives would be lost taking Japan by land
*July 1945
Japan refuses to surrender
The Impact of WWII at Home in the U.S.
Economic Prosperity
WWII ends the Great Depression
-> Unemployment: 24.9%- 1932 --> 1.2%-1944
-> Average paycheck increases 70%
->Farmers income triples
->6 million women find new jobs
-Women are forced or pressured to leave jobs when men return from the war
Migration
->Many people move to cities where there are weapons plants
->African-Americans continue to migrate from the south
G.I. Bill of Rights
->Provided education and training for veterans returning from the war.
African-Americans
->U.S. military remains segregated in WWII
->Blacks finally allowed to participate in combat
-Many are decorated for distinguished service
Mexican Americans
->Serve in segregated units
->Many distinguished themselves in combat
"Zoot Suit" Riots
->White soldiers start a riot against Mexican-Americans who wear Zoot Suits(1943)
*Aug. 6 & 9, 1945
U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
-200,000 lives (mostly civilians) lost.
*Sept. 2, 1945
Japanese surrender to Gen. Douglas MacArthur
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
