U.S. History Ch. 18 Notes

Two Superpowers Face Off


Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)

*Great Britain-U.S.-Soviet Union decide how to divide up Europe and Germany after WWII is over.

Countries agree to allow free elections in countries they occupy


United Nations (June 1945)

*U.S. & Soviet Union + 48 countries form the United Nations

*General Assembly-All countries meet to talk and vote on issues

*Security Council- II countries

*China-Soviet Union-U.S.-Britain-France-have veto power, + 6 more countries that change

Has real power to authoruze military force and keep peace in the world









U.S. vs. Soviet Goals


U.S.

Democracy

*United Germany
*Promote stable democratic govts. in Europe, so countries can trade with the U.S.


Soviet Union

Communism

Divided Germany

Spread Communism to Europe

*Control European countries to use their resources and to protect the Soviet Union from war


Countries controlled by Soviet Union-Satellite Nations


Containment

*Keep Communism from spreading


Truman Doctrine

*Support the govt. of any country that is not communist


Marshall Plan

*Rebuild countries in Europe that were destroyed by WWII so they will not become communist, and so they will become strong trading partners with the U.S.








Communist China

After WWII

Mao's Communists battle with Jiang Jieshi's Nationalists


U.S. $2 billion

October 1949-Mao's Communists win control of China

U.S. help Taiwan (Jiang Jieshi)


->Jiang Jieshi flees to the tiny island of Taiwan

->The new Communist China invades Tibet and Mongolia









The Korean War


June 25, 1950

Communist North Korea invades South Korea


November 1950

General MacArthur and U.N. Troops trap N. Korea troops, and then push them back to the Yalu R.








End of Korean War

China and the U.S. pour troops into the war but neither North or South Korea is victorious.



July 1953
*Cease fire agreement is signed


38th Parallel
*The border is almost the same place it was before the war


54,000
*U.S. Soldiers killed


5,000,000
*Total soldiers and civilians die


1994
*Kim Jong II, communist dictator rules N. Korea develops nuclear weapons


1960s
*South Korea ruled by dictators


1987
*Democratic constitution; strong economy









The Fear of Communism

The Loyalty Review Board
*Begins investigating the Loyalty of federal employees in 1947


House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
*Investigates all citizens inside and outside the govt.


Hollywood Ten
*Refused to testify before the HUAC because they believed people's constitutional rights were being violated


500 Hollywood actors, directors, etc.
*Were blacklisted and couldn't find work in their profession
*Careers were ruined


Alger Hiss and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
*Alger Hiss-first to tries for spying
*Rosenbergs are convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
*Both are executed on very little evidence


Senator Joseph McCarthy
*Begins attacking and accusing many people in the U.S. and the U.S. govt. of being Communists. "Fear Tactics"


Army hearings 1954
*1954--McCarthy accuses leaders of the Army of being communists
*People finally turn against him
*The U.S. Senate condemned him for improper conduct









U.S.

NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
U.S. & Canada
->Western Europe
->Military Alliance


Soviet Union
Warsaw Pact
Eastern Europe
->Soviet Union
->Military Alliance


Brinkmanship
"If you try anything we'll retaliate instantly!!"


Missiles/Space Race
Rocket technology used to deliver nuclear weapons









Cold War Tensions


U.S.
Nov.1, 1952
First H-Bomb

Stockpiling massive numbers of nuclear weapons

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)-begins secret activities to change or overthrow governments that are unfriendly to the U.S.



Soviet Union
August 1953
First Soviet Union H-Bomb


Stockpiling massive numbers of nuclear weapons


Suez Crisis
October 1916
*Soviets threaten to use Nuclear Weapons

U.N. imposed cease fire









Eisenhower and The Cold War

1953
*Stalin dies. NEW LEADER:Nikita Khrushchev publicly criticizes Stalin for committing crimes against his people

July 1955
*Eisenhower and Khrushchev summit meeting in Geneva. Hope that the Cold War will be over

November 1956
*Soviet Union cracks down on protesters in Hungary who demanded more liberties
*30,000 killed
*U.S. sends protests-no military aid


Eisenhower Doctrine
*U.S. will use military force to defend the Middle East from Communism


October 4, 1957
*Soviets send first satellite into space-"Sputnik"


January 31, 1958
*First U.S. satellite

*SPACE RACE BEGINS*
*To develop rocket technology to deliver weapons


U-2 incident
Soviets shoot down U.S. spy plane over Russia-Pilot:Francis Gary Powers
Cold War tensions get worse