U.S. History CH. 7 Notes "Immigration"

WARM UP

The following words are inscribed on the Statue of Liberty, which stands near Ellis Island in New York.:

Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teaming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!


These words are from a poem by Emma Lazarus.

• COPY THESE WORDS IN YOUR NOTEBOOK (5 PTS.)

• What do these words mean?
• Does this describe the way America feels about immigrants today?
• Do you think this is the attitude America should have towards immigrants? Why, or why not?
• ANSWER THE THREE QUESTIONS (10 PTS.)

ANSWERS

• These words mean that America is trying to welcome in the new immigrants , even if they are the trash of their country or simply not welcome in their country. We welcomed these immigrants because our land was under-populated and we had a numerous amount of jobs, including work in factories.
• Yes, it does describe the way America feels about immigrants today, but at the same time, some people do not welcome the immigrants because the country is now over populated and there are not that many jobs available to everyone.
• We should NOT have this attitude towards the immigrants because everyone should be treated equally and everyone should have the same oppurtunities and rights. We have this attitude because of all the wars and problems that have happened with Americans and Immigrants, which give us the impression that the Immigrants are trying to harm the United States.

I. The New Immigrants

REASONS FOR IMMIGRATING

A. Southern and Eastern Europe

1. Italy, Austria-Hungary, Poland, Russia (who)
2. Religious persecution (why)
3. Over population (why)
4. To find freedom and better jobs (why)
5. Checkpoint: Ellis Island

B. Asia

1. China and Japan, Philippines (who)
2. Obtain better paying jobs (why)
3. Mine gold (why)
4. Checkpoint: Angel Island

C. Caribbean Islands and Central America

1. Mexico, Cuba, and Puerto Rico (who)
2. Find Work (why)
3. Escape VIOLENCE (why)
4. Checkpoint: Ellis Island, Southeastern U.S., and Southwestern U.S.

Native Born Americans: Speak English; Ancestors came from Western Europe; Caucasians; Protestant

New Immigrants: Often no English; came from other parts of the world; Eastern Europe/ Asia/ Hispanic; Catholics, Jews, Buddhists

II. Immigration to the U.S.

A. Difficult Journey

1. Many traveled in cargo hold
2. Rarely allowed on deck
3. Diseases spread rapidly on boats

B. Culture Shock

1. Confusion and anxiety in a new country whose culture they didn't understand
2. Couldn't speak the language
3. Taken advantage of by con men and thieves

C. Rise of Nativism

Growing prejudice against new and different immigrants

D. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

1. Prohibited Chinese immigration until 1943

E. Gentlemen's Agreement

1. Voluntary agreement: U.S. agreed to desegregate Japanese in schools
2. Japanese agreed to limit immigrants

CAUSES

• Immigrants arrive by the millions for a new life in America
• Inventions make farming more efficient and reduce need for farm workers
• Rural people move to cities to find work
• Cities provide jobs and cultural oppurtunities

URBAN GROWTH

EFFECTS

• Skyrocketing population creates problems in

-Housing

-Transportation

-Water and Sanitation

-Safety

- Social reformers establish programs to aid poor

-Political machines seize control of major cities

The Problems of Urbanization

Who is coming to cities:

A. Immigrants

1. Cities were cheaper and near factories
2. Can live with their own people
3. Cultural activities

B. Farmers

1. Less farm workers needed- NEW TECHNOLOGY
2. Seeking jobs in cities

C. African-Americans

1. Less farm work
2. Fleeing persecution in the south
3. Seeking jobs in cities
4. Cultural community

PROBLEM:

D. Lack of housing and open areas of land

SOLUTION:

1. New homes that took up less space
2. Apartments; Row houses; Dumbell apartments

PROBLEM:

E. Lack of safe and efficient transportation

SOLUTION:

1. Mass transit networks
2. New forms of transportation
3. Cable cars; electric streetcars and subways

PROBLEM:

F. Unsafe drinking water/ Lack of sanitation

SOLUTION:

1. Chlorination and filtration of water; started sewer lines and sanitation departments

PROBLEM:

H. Fire Hazards

SOLUTION:

1. Full-time professional fire departments
2. Fire sprinklers
3. Replaces wood with brick, stone and concrete buildings

PROBLEM:

I. Crime

SOLUTION:

1. Started full-time professional police departments.

Social Welfare Reformers

A. Social Gospel Movement

1. American Christians sought salvation by serving the poor
2. Tried to make life better for poor workers and poor people in cities

B. Settlement Houses

1. Set up community centers in poor city neighborhoods

a) After-school programs

b) Classes for adults

c) Help for the sick

C. Jane Addams

1. Leader in this movement
2. Helped start Hull House in Chicago

Political Machines Run Cities

CITY BOSS

WARD BOSS

PRECINCT WORKERS

• Organized group that controls a political party
• Exchange services for vote for political or financial support
• Bosses control THOUSANDS of jobs, licenses, and inspections
• Many bosses are immigrants (Irish)

Political Corruption

Money and Power!

GRAFT- taking kick-backs

VOTES

FRAUD

ACCOUNTING

BRIBERY

• Tamany Hall- N.Y. Political machine
• Tweed Ring- Corrupt politicians
• Boss Tweed- City boss/leader
• Thomas Nast- cartoonist/helps break Tweed Ring
  

Politics of the Guilded Age

Patronage

1. Giving govt. jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected becomes a BIG PROBLEM in the nation.

(1877) Rutherford B. Hayes

1. elected president
2. tries to reform the civil service system (the method of picking people for government jobs)
3. unsuccessful
4. has somne success cleaning up N.Y. customhouse

Republican Party

STALWARTS- Reform the Civil Service System!!

MUGWUMPS--Keep Patronage!

(1881) James A. Garfield

1. Independent, elected pres.
2. supports reformers after elected
3. assassinated by a Stalwart

(1881) Chester A. Arthur

1. becomes president
2. changes from Stalwart to reformer after becoming president
3. Results in Congress passing the Pendleton Act (1883) sets up a bipartisan civil service system which appoints people to govt. jobs based on merit.

TARIFFS

1. Another BIG PROBLEM
2. high tariffs (tax on imports) support BIG BUSINESS but make prices higher for common people

(1888) Benjamin Harrison

1. Republican
2. raises tariffs to highest level ever

(1884)(1892) Grover Cleveland

1. Democrat
2. able to get tariffs lowered for awhile