Conservatives Win Political Power
Ronald Reagan
->Republican-elected President-1980
->Former movie actor
->Former governor of Californoa
->George Bush (Sr.) is vice president
->Elected by a conservative coalition:
*Big business leaders
*Fundamentalist Christians
*Frustrated middle class Americans and Democrats
Goals of the Conservative Movement
- and Ronald Reagan
->Less government spending
*On entitlement programs
*Less money spent on the poor, minorities and the environment
->Promoting traditional moral values
* "Families"--not gay rights or women's liberation
*Opposed lgel abortions
->Less government regulation of businesses
*Fewer environmental restrictions
*Fewer restrictions in investment
->Lower taxes
*On businesses and investment
*For most well off Americans
->Strong Defense
*Tough on Communism-the "Evil Empire"
*Increased military spending
*More contracts for big weapons manufacturers
"Reaganomics"-Supply-side Economics
ERTA-Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981
*No cuts in social programs for wealthy and middle-class Americans (social security, Medicare)'
*Tax cuts-On business investment
-for most Americans
-especially wealthiest Americans
*Less government regulation of business
Big businesses & wealthiest Americans get wealthier right away
More investment will create
-more businesses
-new products
More jobs
More income for everyone
More tax revenue paid to the U.S. government Even though tax rates are lower
Trickle Down Theory
Supply-side economics:If the wealthy and big businesses have more money they will invest it in new businesses which will create more jobs->eventually everyone will have more money including the poor.
->Social programs cut:Welfare, job-trainingm school lunches
->No big tax cuts for the poor
->No significant increase in jobs for poor Americans
The government never gets more revenue from taxes
National Debt 1981-1989
The national debt increases dramatically.
Domestic Issues Under President Reagan
The Supreme Court
->Becomes more conservative
*Reagan appoints Sandra Day O'Connor-first woman Supreme Court Justice
*She was conservative
*Reagan also appoints conservative Justices Scalia and Kennedy
*Reagan appoints conservative Justice William Rehnquist as Chief Justice
*President Bush appoints conservative justices David Souter and Clarence Thomas
*Now the court has more conservative justices:
*1989-Ct. restricts a woman's right to abortion
*new restrictions on Civil Rights laws
*1990-91-Narrowed rights of arrested persons
Savings and Loan Scandal
->Reagan deregulates Savings and Loan bank
*Allows banks to make more risky investment
*U.S. government still insures customer accounts
*Charles Keating and other bank presidencies lose billions of dollars of customer's money
*The federal government (and taxpayers) must pay over $187 billion to make up for losses
The Environment
*Reagan appointed administrators of the EPA who supported business
*Encouraged timber cutting in national forests
*Fired hundreds of inspectors
Domestic Problems 1980-1992
Abortion
->Supreme Court rules that government clinics for the poor do not have to provide abortions
Drug Abuse
->Unemployed youth sell crack cocaine and other drugs on city streets. Gang violence increases
*Bush and Reagan call for a "War on drugs"
*Nancy Reagan starts "Just say no!" to drugs
Education
->U.S. students test scores are lower than other countries. Many 17 year old Americans can not read. Drop out rate increases
Urban Violence
->(1992) Violence erupts in L.A. after police who were videotaped beating Rodney King are aquitted of wrong doing by a mostly white jury. 51 people killed; $1 billion in damage
African Americans
->(1980s) Many African American mayors of large cities; governor of Virginia. Jesse Jackson runs for president in 1984, 1988.
Latino Americans
->(1980s) Latino governor of New Mexico and Florida; mayors of several large cities. Lauro Cavazos-Secretary of Education;Dr. Antonia Coello Novello-Surgeon General
Native Americans
Allowed to open casinos on tribal land. New monry for jobs to end poverty.
Asian Americans
->Second fastest growing minority
Daniel Inouye
->U.S. Senator from Hawaii
Gays and Lesbians
->Become more vocal seeking funding for AIDS research;end to hate crimes;end to discrimination in hiring
Iran-Contra Scandal
1983-Iranian terrorist group takes U.S. citizens hostage in Lebanon.
Reagan tells U.S. allies not to sell arms to Contras
Reagan secretly sells arms to Iran in exchange for hostages
The Boland Amendment passed by the U.S. Congress says military aid to Contras is prohibited.
Money from Iranian arms sale goes to fund Contras who were fighting Communism in Nicaragua.
Contras
Backed by the C.I.A.
Did Reagan know about this?? Should he be impeached??
Mikhail Gorbachev Reforms the Soviet Union
Gorbachev
->Becomes the Soviet Union's new, young leader in 1985.
Gorbachev's New Policies
--Glasnost
(1985)-"Free flow of ideas and information"
*Churches open
*People who criticized the govt. are freed from prison
*Newspapers can criticize the govt.
--Perestroika
-Greater freedom in the economy: (1985)
*More local control of farms and factories
*Some people allowed to make money in private businesses
Democratization
(1987)-People can elect the legislative body
Foreign policy
->Diplomatic/talking not force
ARMS CONTROL/INF Treaty
Collapse of the Soviet Union
March 1990
->Lithuiania declares its independence from the Soviet Union
January 1991
->Gorbachev cracks down on the rebellion-kills 14 in Lithuiana
Gorbachev loses popularity
->Poor economy assault on Lithuiana
June 1991
->Boris Yeltsin elected president of Russia
August 18, 1991
->Hard-line communists send tanks to take over Moscow in a coup
->Yeltsin climbs on a tank-soldiers side with Yeltsin and protesters
August 1991
->Soviet Communist Party Collapse
Dec. 15, 1991
->15 republics declare their independence
Dec 25, 1991
->Gorbachev resigns. Yeltsin and 11 republics form CIS-Commonwealth of Independent States
Monday, March 16, 2009
Monday, March 9, 2009
U.S. History CH. 24 Notes
The Nixon Administration
Problems
1. Size and power of the federal government
2.Ineffieciency of the welfare system
3.Vietnam War and domestic disorder
4. Nixon's reelection
5. Liberalism of Supreme Court justices
6.Stagflation and recession
7.U.S.-China relations
8.U.S.-Soviet relations
Policies
New Federalism-more power, revenue -> state & local govts.
Impoundment-held back funds for programs he didn't like
Nixon backed the Family Assistance Plan -> guaranteed income, but welfare recepients must find work. Did not pass.
Sought to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam, conducted peace talks.
Illegal FBI wiretaps and IRS investigations of suspicious groups and persons
Southern Strategy-win votes from southern states that didn't like civil rights laws. Worked to delay school desegregation. Opposed extending the Voting Rights Act
Appointed 4 new conservative Supreme Court Justices:Burger, Blackman, Rehnquist, and Powell
Raised interest rates to cut inflation.
90 day wage and price freeze
Detente-visited China, negotiated directly with the Chinese. Signed important agreements
Detente-visited Soviet Union. Signed agreement on West Berlin. Signed SALT I Treaty -> limiting nuclear weapons
President Nixon and Watergate
Nixon's foreign policy
->Nixon helps ease Cold War tension
->Nixon's visit to Communist China and the Soviet Union helps further the new policy of detente.
->Nixon pulls U.S. troops out of Vietnam
->Nixon signs SALT I Treaty with the Soviet Union, for Nuclear Arms limits (1972)
Watergate
->U.S. presidency has increased power under Nixon
->Nixon distances himself from others and relies on a small group of close advisers
->Nixon seeks reelection in 1972 "by any means possible."
->Nixon participates in a White House cover-up of their involvement in the burglary
->The Senate begins an investigation of possible White House involvement in the Watergate break-in
->Witnesses at these hearings accuse Nixon and other White House officials of orchestrating a cover-up
->Nixon refuses to release White House tape recordings that could prove his involvement in a cover-up
->The House Judiciary Committee votes to ask for impeachment of Nixo
Problems
1. Size and power of the federal government
2.Ineffieciency of the welfare system
3.Vietnam War and domestic disorder
4. Nixon's reelection
5. Liberalism of Supreme Court justices
6.Stagflation and recession
7.U.S.-China relations
8.U.S.-Soviet relations
Policies
New Federalism-more power, revenue -> state & local govts.
Impoundment-held back funds for programs he didn't like
Nixon backed the Family Assistance Plan -> guaranteed income, but welfare recepients must find work. Did not pass.
Sought to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam, conducted peace talks.
Illegal FBI wiretaps and IRS investigations of suspicious groups and persons
Southern Strategy-win votes from southern states that didn't like civil rights laws. Worked to delay school desegregation. Opposed extending the Voting Rights Act
Appointed 4 new conservative Supreme Court Justices:Burger, Blackman, Rehnquist, and Powell
Raised interest rates to cut inflation.
90 day wage and price freeze
Detente-visited China, negotiated directly with the Chinese. Signed important agreements
Detente-visited Soviet Union. Signed agreement on West Berlin. Signed SALT I Treaty -> limiting nuclear weapons
President Nixon and Watergate
Nixon's foreign policy
->Nixon helps ease Cold War tension
->Nixon's visit to Communist China and the Soviet Union helps further the new policy of detente.
->Nixon pulls U.S. troops out of Vietnam
->Nixon signs SALT I Treaty with the Soviet Union, for Nuclear Arms limits (1972)
Watergate
->U.S. presidency has increased power under Nixon
->Nixon distances himself from others and relies on a small group of close advisers
->Nixon seeks reelection in 1972 "by any means possible."
->Nixon participates in a White House cover-up of their involvement in the burglary
->The Senate begins an investigation of possible White House involvement in the Watergate break-in
->Witnesses at these hearings accuse Nixon and other White House officials of orchestrating a cover-up
->Nixon refuses to release White House tape recordings that could prove his involvement in a cover-up
->The House Judiciary Committee votes to ask for impeachment of Nixo
Monday, March 2, 2009
U.S. History CH. 23 Notes
Growing Presence of Latino Americans
Mexican Americans
-Here before Mex-AM War
-Came after violence in 1910
-Braceros-during WWII
-1960s-today-many illegally crossed the borders
Puerto Ricans
-1 million migrated to Northeast U.S.
-600,000 in NYC
Latino Americans
-2006-15% of U.S. pop.
-2008-44% of N.M. pop.
-Largest U.S. minority
"Coyotes"- help poor Latinos to cross U.S. border illegally for a fee often dishonest
Cubans
-Most came to U.S. after Castro took over Cuba
-Most settled in Miami
Salvadoreans, Guatemalans, Nicaraguans, Colombians
-Came to U.S. to escape civil wars, brutal dictatorship and poverty
Latino Americans in the U.S.
Prejudice
Discrimination in jobs and housing
Segregation
-Barrios-segregated neighborhoods
Organizations to fight back
-United Farm Workers
-MAPA
-La Raza Unida
Latino American Rights
Latino Americans are the fastest growing minority in America and are now the largest minority
Farm Workers
*Hard work for little pay or benefits
*Cesar Chavez sought to organize and unionize Latino American farm workers using nonviolent means
*United Farm Workers-farm workers union formed by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta
*1965-1970 Grape boycott-Chavez organized a boycott of grapes in supermarkets all across the country, until the farm owners recognized the UFW and gave them better pay and benefits
*Bilingual Education Act of 1968-provided for bilingual education and cultural heritage programs in schools
Native Americans
*Have suffered highest unemployment and poverty rate. Also have suffered more from suicidem health problems, and alcoholism.
*American Indian Movement (AIM)-militant Native American movement started in 1968 confronting the government to demand recognition of Nat. Am.'s poor treatment throughout history
-1969-Occupation of Alcatraz Island for 18 months
-1973-Protest in Wounded Knee -> against poor living conditions
-1972- Indian Education Act
-1975-Indian Self-Determination and Ed. Assistance Act
Women's Rights
Feminism
*The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men
Civil Rights Act of 1964
*Prohibits discrimination based on "gender"
The problem:1950
*Only 1 in 3 women worked
*Many jobs (e.g. construction, military combat) were closed to women
*Women were still paid less for the same work in many cases
*Women were rarely promoted to highee level management positions
*Women are supposed to stay at home, take care of children, cook, clean house and have babies
Betty Friedan
*Writes "The Feminism Mystique: about women's modern feeling of emptiness at being stuck at home
Gloria Steinem
*Organize N.O.W. to actively work for women's rights
The Equal Rights Amendment (E.R.A.)
*Constitutional amendment passes in 35 states/38 needed
Results
*Female Law Sch. Grad.
-1970-5%
-2000-49%
*Med. Sch.
-1970-8%
-2007-49%
*Women Working
-1950-29%
-2007-75%
Women in Congress
-1975-19
-2009-93 (76-HR, 17-S)
Women's Movement vs. New Right
Gloria Steinem
-> N.O.W.
->Ms. Magazine
->Pro-E.R.A.
->Roc v. Wade
*Pro abortion rights
->New attitudes!
->New oppurtunities!
->New rights for women!
->No more job and wage discrimination!
->Feminism
Phyllis Schlafly
->"Stop E.R.A." campaign
->Anti-abortion
->Traditional family
->Traditional moral values
->Women belong in the home caring for families
->Equal rights will mean women will be drafted and husbands won't have to pay child support!
->Conservative
60s Counterculture
*Long Hair
*Drug Use
-LSD
-Marijuana
*Colorful clothes
*Rock music
*American materialistic society is B-A-D!
*Peace & Love
*Liberal views on sexuality
*Communes
-peaceful cooperative living
*Eastern Religions
-Zen Buddhism
-Transcendental Meditation
Results
+New Art-Andy Warhol
+New clothing styles
+Woodstock-music festival
+New perspective
*On religion
*On sexuality
*On lifestyles
*On the govt.
*On peace and war
x Drug overdoses
x Charles Manson/violence
x Many live off welfare
x Moral decay
x Conservative reaction
*Republicans win 1968 election
*Country turns conservative (Pres. Reagan/Bush)
Mexican Americans
-Here before Mex-AM War
-Came after violence in 1910
-Braceros-during WWII
-1960s-today-many illegally crossed the borders
Puerto Ricans
-1 million migrated to Northeast U.S.
-600,000 in NYC
Latino Americans
-2006-15% of U.S. pop.
-2008-44% of N.M. pop.
-Largest U.S. minority
"Coyotes"- help poor Latinos to cross U.S. border illegally for a fee often dishonest
Cubans
-Most came to U.S. after Castro took over Cuba
-Most settled in Miami
Salvadoreans, Guatemalans, Nicaraguans, Colombians
-Came to U.S. to escape civil wars, brutal dictatorship and poverty
Latino Americans in the U.S.
Prejudice
Discrimination in jobs and housing
Segregation
-Barrios-segregated neighborhoods
Organizations to fight back
-United Farm Workers
-MAPA
-La Raza Unida
Latino American Rights
Latino Americans are the fastest growing minority in America and are now the largest minority
Farm Workers
*Hard work for little pay or benefits
*Cesar Chavez sought to organize and unionize Latino American farm workers using nonviolent means
*United Farm Workers-farm workers union formed by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta
*1965-1970 Grape boycott-Chavez organized a boycott of grapes in supermarkets all across the country, until the farm owners recognized the UFW and gave them better pay and benefits
*Bilingual Education Act of 1968-provided for bilingual education and cultural heritage programs in schools
Native Americans
*Have suffered highest unemployment and poverty rate. Also have suffered more from suicidem health problems, and alcoholism.
*American Indian Movement (AIM)-militant Native American movement started in 1968 confronting the government to demand recognition of Nat. Am.'s poor treatment throughout history
-1969-Occupation of Alcatraz Island for 18 months
-1973-Protest in Wounded Knee -> against poor living conditions
-1972- Indian Education Act
-1975-Indian Self-Determination and Ed. Assistance Act
Women's Rights
Feminism
*The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men
Civil Rights Act of 1964
*Prohibits discrimination based on "gender"
The problem:1950
*Only 1 in 3 women worked
*Many jobs (e.g. construction, military combat) were closed to women
*Women were still paid less for the same work in many cases
*Women were rarely promoted to highee level management positions
*Women are supposed to stay at home, take care of children, cook, clean house and have babies
Betty Friedan
*Writes "The Feminism Mystique: about women's modern feeling of emptiness at being stuck at home
Gloria Steinem
*Organize N.O.W. to actively work for women's rights
The Equal Rights Amendment (E.R.A.)
*Constitutional amendment passes in 35 states/38 needed
Results
*Female Law Sch. Grad.
-1970-5%
-2000-49%
*Med. Sch.
-1970-8%
-2007-49%
*Women Working
-1950-29%
-2007-75%
Women in Congress
-1975-19
-2009-93 (76-HR, 17-S)
Women's Movement vs. New Right
Gloria Steinem
-> N.O.W.
->Ms. Magazine
->Pro-E.R.A.
->Roc v. Wade
*Pro abortion rights
->New attitudes!
->New oppurtunities!
->New rights for women!
->No more job and wage discrimination!
->Feminism
Phyllis Schlafly
->"Stop E.R.A." campaign
->Anti-abortion
->Traditional family
->Traditional moral values
->Women belong in the home caring for families
->Equal rights will mean women will be drafted and husbands won't have to pay child support!
->Conservative
60s Counterculture
*Long Hair
*Drug Use
-LSD
-Marijuana
*Colorful clothes
*Rock music
*American materialistic society is B-A-D!
*Peace & Love
*Liberal views on sexuality
*Communes
-peaceful cooperative living
*Eastern Religions
-Zen Buddhism
-Transcendental Meditation
Results
+New Art-Andy Warhol
+New clothing styles
+Woodstock-music festival
+New perspective
*On religion
*On sexuality
*On lifestyles
*On the govt.
*On peace and war
x Drug overdoses
x Charles Manson/violence
x Many live off welfare
x Moral decay
x Conservative reaction
*Republicans win 1968 election
*Country turns conservative (Pres. Reagan/Bush)
Wednesday, February 18, 2009
U.S. History CH. 22 Notes
The Vietnam War
Early 1900's
*France controls Vietnam and takes their resources
1930's
*Ho Chi Minh begins to lead Communist revolts against the French
1940-1945
*Japan invades and controls Vietnam in WWII
1945
*France takes over again after Japanese lose WWII
1954
*Vietnamase Communists and Nationalists defeat the French in a major battle at Dien Bien Phu
United States
*Supports France to stop Communism
Geneva Peace Conference (1954)
*Divide Vietnam in half at 17 degrees north latitude
Ho Chi Minh
*Rules North Vietnamn as a Communist dictator
Ngo Dinh Diem
*Rules South Vietnam as a dictator, supported by U.S. & France
The Beginning of U.S. Involvement in Vietnam
1950
*President Truman gives:
-$15 million aid to help French control Vietnam
-$2.6 billion over the next four years
1953
*President Eisenhower:
-Continues U.S. policy of giving aid to the French
-Domino theory-if we lose one country we may lose all the countries in Southeast Asia
1961
*President Kennedy:
-Supports Ngo Dinh Diem's government
-Increases aid to South Vietnam
-Sends in 16,000 "military advisors"
1964
*President Johnson:
-Believes politically and strategically that the U.S. cannot let Vietnam become communist
-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:Congress grants Johnson the power to use "all necessary measures" to repel attacks on the U.S. in Vietnam
1965
*50,000 U.S. troops are fighting in Vietnam
The Vietnam War
U.S.S.R. (Military aid, no troops)
China (Military aid, no troops)
North Korea (Ho Chi Minh)
Viet Cong (National Liberation Front)
-guerilla fighters seeking to take over South Vietnam
WAR
South Vietnam (Ngo Dinh Diem)
United States (troops and military aid)
American Troops in Vietnam
-1963-16,500
-1965-161,000
-1966-400,000
1967-475,000
-1968-536,000
The Vietnam War
Communist Vietcong from the north
*Used guerilla warfare to take over S. Vietnam
1950s-early 60s
*U.S. sends in military "advisors" to help South Vietnam
Aug.1964
*U.S. President Johnson claims North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships. U.S. begins to send in troops
1968
*U.S. has 500,000 troops in Vietnam
Vietnamese people
*Support the Vietcong
Vietnam war
*Becomes unpopular in U.S.
1969
*President Nixon begins pulling U.S. troops out
1973
*Last U.S. troops out
Deaths in the war
*Americans-58,000
Vietnamese-1.5 million
The Vietnam War
Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution (1964)
-President Johnson claims the North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships
-Congress grants the President the authority to use "all necessary means" in Vietnam
Selective Service
-The Vietnam War had a draft. College students and others could get special deferments
-The Vietnam War was fought mainly by 10 year-old, minority, "lower/working class" males
-Most of the soldiers who fought were not old enough to vote
Demonstrations/Protests
-The nation was sharply divided over whether the U.S. should be in Vietnam
-Students and young Americans staged huge Anti-war demonstrations
My Lai Massacre
-Many Vietnamese villagers fought for the Vietcong at night
-The soldiers couldn't tell who was an enemy and who wasn't
-U.S. soldiers lined up and massacred more than 100 Vietnamese villagers, mostly women and children
Turbulent Times
Nov. 22, 1963-President Kennedy Assassinated
July 2, 1964-Civil Rights Act of 1964
1964-1968-Race riots-Hundreds of riots in American cities
Blacks angry at:
*Police brutality
*No jobs
*Slum living conditions
*De facto segregation
Tet Offensive-U.S. loses hope of winning Vietnam War
April 3, 1968-Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated
June 1968-Presidential Candidate Robert Kennedy assassinated
1968-Vietnam War-500,000 U.S. soldiers-more than any year
August 1968-Huge violent demonstrations at Democratic National Convention-Chicago
May 4, 1970-4 students killed in anti-war. Demonstrations at Kent. State
The End of the Vietnam War
Tet Offensive
*North Vietnamese Communists launch a surprise offensive against South Vietnam
-U.S.-3,000 killed
-Vietcong-32,000 killed
-U.S. loses hope of ever winning the war
President Nixon
Vietnamization --> Gradual troop pullout
"Peace with honor"=Paris Peace Talks and massive bombings
April 30, 1970-Invasion and bombing of Cambodia ->Protests on 1200 college campuses -> Kent State massacre-4 students killed by National Guard.
Jan 23rd. 1973-Peace Agreement
March 1973-Last U.S. troops out of Vietnam
After the war
*North Vietnamese take over all of South Vietnam after U.S. troops leave-May 1975
-Many who fought against communist are put to death
-400,000 put in labor camps
-1.5 million South Vietnamese leave the country
-over 50,000 killed in boats trying to escape
Cambodia
*U.S. bombs Cambodia during the war because Vietcong are hiding there
-Communist Khmer Rouge govt. takes over
-Khmer Rouge puts to death 1/4 of the population: 2 million killed
Early 1900's
*France controls Vietnam and takes their resources
1930's
*Ho Chi Minh begins to lead Communist revolts against the French
1940-1945
*Japan invades and controls Vietnam in WWII
1945
*France takes over again after Japanese lose WWII
1954
*Vietnamase Communists and Nationalists defeat the French in a major battle at Dien Bien Phu
United States
*Supports France to stop Communism
Geneva Peace Conference (1954)
*Divide Vietnam in half at 17 degrees north latitude
Ho Chi Minh
*Rules North Vietnamn as a Communist dictator
Ngo Dinh Diem
*Rules South Vietnam as a dictator, supported by U.S. & France
The Beginning of U.S. Involvement in Vietnam
1950
*President Truman gives:
-$15 million aid to help French control Vietnam
-$2.6 billion over the next four years
1953
*President Eisenhower:
-Continues U.S. policy of giving aid to the French
-Domino theory-if we lose one country we may lose all the countries in Southeast Asia
1961
*President Kennedy:
-Supports Ngo Dinh Diem's government
-Increases aid to South Vietnam
-Sends in 16,000 "military advisors"
1964
*President Johnson:
-Believes politically and strategically that the U.S. cannot let Vietnam become communist
-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:Congress grants Johnson the power to use "all necessary measures" to repel attacks on the U.S. in Vietnam
1965
*50,000 U.S. troops are fighting in Vietnam
The Vietnam War
U.S.S.R. (Military aid, no troops)
China (Military aid, no troops)
North Korea (Ho Chi Minh)
Viet Cong (National Liberation Front)
-guerilla fighters seeking to take over South Vietnam
WAR
South Vietnam (Ngo Dinh Diem)
United States (troops and military aid)
American Troops in Vietnam
-1963-16,500
-1965-161,000
-1966-400,000
1967-475,000
-1968-536,000
The Vietnam War
Communist Vietcong from the north
*Used guerilla warfare to take over S. Vietnam
1950s-early 60s
*U.S. sends in military "advisors" to help South Vietnam
Aug.1964
*U.S. President Johnson claims North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships. U.S. begins to send in troops
1968
*U.S. has 500,000 troops in Vietnam
Vietnamese people
*Support the Vietcong
Vietnam war
*Becomes unpopular in U.S.
1969
*President Nixon begins pulling U.S. troops out
1973
*Last U.S. troops out
Deaths in the war
*Americans-58,000
Vietnamese-1.5 million
The Vietnam War
Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution (1964)
-President Johnson claims the North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships
-Congress grants the President the authority to use "all necessary means" in Vietnam
Selective Service
-The Vietnam War had a draft. College students and others could get special deferments
-The Vietnam War was fought mainly by 10 year-old, minority, "lower/working class" males
-Most of the soldiers who fought were not old enough to vote
Demonstrations/Protests
-The nation was sharply divided over whether the U.S. should be in Vietnam
-Students and young Americans staged huge Anti-war demonstrations
My Lai Massacre
-Many Vietnamese villagers fought for the Vietcong at night
-The soldiers couldn't tell who was an enemy and who wasn't
-U.S. soldiers lined up and massacred more than 100 Vietnamese villagers, mostly women and children
Turbulent Times
Nov. 22, 1963-President Kennedy Assassinated
July 2, 1964-Civil Rights Act of 1964
1964-1968-Race riots-Hundreds of riots in American cities
Blacks angry at:
*Police brutality
*No jobs
*Slum living conditions
*De facto segregation
Tet Offensive-U.S. loses hope of winning Vietnam War
April 3, 1968-Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated
June 1968-Presidential Candidate Robert Kennedy assassinated
1968-Vietnam War-500,000 U.S. soldiers-more than any year
August 1968-Huge violent demonstrations at Democratic National Convention-Chicago
May 4, 1970-4 students killed in anti-war. Demonstrations at Kent. State
The End of the Vietnam War
Tet Offensive
*North Vietnamese Communists launch a surprise offensive against South Vietnam
-U.S.-3,000 killed
-Vietcong-32,000 killed
-U.S. loses hope of ever winning the war
President Nixon
Vietnamization --> Gradual troop pullout
"Peace with honor"=Paris Peace Talks and massive bombings
April 30, 1970-Invasion and bombing of Cambodia ->Protests on 1200 college campuses -> Kent State massacre-4 students killed by National Guard.
Jan 23rd. 1973-Peace Agreement
March 1973-Last U.S. troops out of Vietnam
After the war
*North Vietnamese take over all of South Vietnam after U.S. troops leave-May 1975
-Many who fought against communist are put to death
-400,000 put in labor camps
-1.5 million South Vietnamese leave the country
-over 50,000 killed in boats trying to escape
Cambodia
*U.S. bombs Cambodia during the war because Vietcong are hiding there
-Communist Khmer Rouge govt. takes over
-Khmer Rouge puts to death 1/4 of the population: 2 million killed
Tuesday, February 10, 2009
U.S. History CH. 21 Notes
Segregation in America
Plessy v. Ferguson
*Seperate facilities for blacks and whites does not violate the 14th Amendment which guarantees equal protection under the law for all Americans. As long as the facilities are equal
Jim Crow Laws
*Passed in the South which separated the races by law. Separate restrooms, restaurants;blacks and whites could not marry, etc
Black facilities were always inferior
*The U.S. spent 10 times as much money educating a White child as it did an African American child
NAACP Led by Thurgood Marshall
*Decided to challenge laws:blatantly segregated and unequal education and other facilities in court
(1950) Sweatt v. Painter
*State law schools must admit black applicants
(1946) Morgan v. Virginia
*Segregation on interstate buses is unconstitutional
Segregation and Civil Rights
(1896) Plessy v. Ferguson
*"Separate but equal" treatment does not deny "equal protection of the laws" (14th Amendment)
(1954) Brown v. Board of Ed.
*Legal segregation causes harm. Separate is inherently unequal
*1955- States must implement this "with all deliberate speed."
Southern Governors refuse to comply
Central High School, Little Rock (1957)
*President Eisenhower calls in the 101st Airborne troops to escort African American students
Rosa Parks (1955)
*Segregation on city buses
*Arrested for not giving seat to a white person
Dr. Martin Luther King
*Leads bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama
1956
*U.S. Supreme Court outlaws segregation on city buses
The Emerging Civil Rights Movement
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s strategy
*Protest peacefully and with dignity, then Americans and the world will be on your side. . . laws will change.
*King is inspired by the nonviolent methods of Mohandas K. Gandhi in India.
Anti-black violence
*In the south
*Whites seek to keep blacks "in their place."
*14 year-old Emmett Till id brutally murdered in 1955
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
*Founded by M.L. King to use nonviolent means to fight segregation
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
*College students willing to put their bodies on the line in nonviolent protests to end segregation
Lunch counter sit-ins (1960)
*SNCC members refuse to leave segregated lunch counters. Lunch counters in 48 cities and 11 states become desegregated
The Struggle for Equal Rights
Freedom Riders
*CORE and SNCC volunteers (whites and blacks together) ride on interstate buses into the South to test the law banning segregation on interstate buses
*Riders are fire bombed and beaten with lead pipes by white mobs. Southern police do not protect the riders
*TV news publicizes the events arounf the world. People around the world are outraged
*Kennedy calls in 400 U.S. marshals to escort the riders
*The Interstate Commerce Commission orders all interstate bus stop facilities to be desegregated
James Meredith
*Is escorted by troops to attend the University of Mississippi amidst violent protests by whites
Birmingham, Alabama
->Dr. King uses nonviolent means to desegregate one of the most racist cities in America
->Negative media publicity around the world results in a victory for desegregation
March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963)
->250,000 protesters gather peacefully to urge Congress to pass a new Civil Rights act. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his "I Have a Dream" speech.
July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed
->Bans segregation in all public places
Votiing Rights
Freedom Summer
->SNCC and Core seek to register voters in Mississippi
->90% of African Americans unable to vote in Miss.
->Volunteers suffer death, beatings, bombings
Selma Campaign
->M.L.K. supports voter registration in Selma, Alabama
->Protest march grows to 25,000
->President Johnson backs protesters
->A few weeks later, the Voting Rights Act of 1965-eliminates literacy test
24th Amendment
->(1968) Prohibits poll tax
Malcom X
->Whites are cause of black peoples condition
*Civil rights "by any means necessary"
*Blacks should separate themselves from white society
*Devout Muslim
Stokely Carmichael
->Helps start the Black Power movement
Black Panthers
->Armed revolutionary group. Also started daycare centers, breakfast programs
Civil Rights-Urban Poverty and Violence
De jure segregation
*Martin Luther King and the non-violent civil rights movement end legal segregation in the United States
De facto segregation
*Segregation still exists in the U.S. because, in fact, whites move to suburbs, leaving African-Americans together in poor urban areas
Race Riots
*Aug. 11, 1965- 5 days after President Johnson signs the Voting rights act, blacks in the Watts district of L.A. riot:34 killed, $30 million damage
*1966-more riots than ever before by poor African-Americans living in cities
*1967-Riots in 100 American cities-urban blacks frustrated by lack of jobsm decent housing and education
*1968-in April, after Martin Luther King is assassinated riots break out in 125 U.S. cities
Kerner Commission
*Studies causes of black riots:white racism-separate but unequal America
Unfinished work
*housing and job discrimination, educational inequality, poverty, racism
Plessy v. Ferguson
*Seperate facilities for blacks and whites does not violate the 14th Amendment which guarantees equal protection under the law for all Americans. As long as the facilities are equal
Jim Crow Laws
*Passed in the South which separated the races by law. Separate restrooms, restaurants;blacks and whites could not marry, etc
Black facilities were always inferior
*The U.S. spent 10 times as much money educating a White child as it did an African American child
NAACP Led by Thurgood Marshall
*Decided to challenge laws:blatantly segregated and unequal education and other facilities in court
(1950) Sweatt v. Painter
*State law schools must admit black applicants
(1946) Morgan v. Virginia
*Segregation on interstate buses is unconstitutional
Segregation and Civil Rights
(1896) Plessy v. Ferguson
*"Separate but equal" treatment does not deny "equal protection of the laws" (14th Amendment)
(1954) Brown v. Board of Ed.
*Legal segregation causes harm. Separate is inherently unequal
*1955- States must implement this "with all deliberate speed."
Southern Governors refuse to comply
Central High School, Little Rock (1957)
*President Eisenhower calls in the 101st Airborne troops to escort African American students
Rosa Parks (1955)
*Segregation on city buses
*Arrested for not giving seat to a white person
Dr. Martin Luther King
*Leads bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama
1956
*U.S. Supreme Court outlaws segregation on city buses
The Emerging Civil Rights Movement
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s strategy
*Protest peacefully and with dignity, then Americans and the world will be on your side. . . laws will change.
*King is inspired by the nonviolent methods of Mohandas K. Gandhi in India.
Anti-black violence
*In the south
*Whites seek to keep blacks "in their place."
*14 year-old Emmett Till id brutally murdered in 1955
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
*Founded by M.L. King to use nonviolent means to fight segregation
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
*College students willing to put their bodies on the line in nonviolent protests to end segregation
Lunch counter sit-ins (1960)
*SNCC members refuse to leave segregated lunch counters. Lunch counters in 48 cities and 11 states become desegregated
The Struggle for Equal Rights
Freedom Riders
*CORE and SNCC volunteers (whites and blacks together) ride on interstate buses into the South to test the law banning segregation on interstate buses
*Riders are fire bombed and beaten with lead pipes by white mobs. Southern police do not protect the riders
*TV news publicizes the events arounf the world. People around the world are outraged
*Kennedy calls in 400 U.S. marshals to escort the riders
*The Interstate Commerce Commission orders all interstate bus stop facilities to be desegregated
James Meredith
*Is escorted by troops to attend the University of Mississippi amidst violent protests by whites
Birmingham, Alabama
->Dr. King uses nonviolent means to desegregate one of the most racist cities in America
->Negative media publicity around the world results in a victory for desegregation
March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963)
->250,000 protesters gather peacefully to urge Congress to pass a new Civil Rights act. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his "I Have a Dream" speech.
July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed
->Bans segregation in all public places
Votiing Rights
Freedom Summer
->SNCC and Core seek to register voters in Mississippi
->90% of African Americans unable to vote in Miss.
->Volunteers suffer death, beatings, bombings
Selma Campaign
->M.L.K. supports voter registration in Selma, Alabama
->Protest march grows to 25,000
->President Johnson backs protesters
->A few weeks later, the Voting Rights Act of 1965-eliminates literacy test
24th Amendment
->(1968) Prohibits poll tax
Malcom X
->Whites are cause of black peoples condition
*Civil rights "by any means necessary"
*Blacks should separate themselves from white society
*Devout Muslim
Stokely Carmichael
->Helps start the Black Power movement
Black Panthers
->Armed revolutionary group. Also started daycare centers, breakfast programs
Civil Rights-Urban Poverty and Violence
De jure segregation
*Martin Luther King and the non-violent civil rights movement end legal segregation in the United States
De facto segregation
*Segregation still exists in the U.S. because, in fact, whites move to suburbs, leaving African-Americans together in poor urban areas
Race Riots
*Aug. 11, 1965- 5 days after President Johnson signs the Voting rights act, blacks in the Watts district of L.A. riot:34 killed, $30 million damage
*1966-more riots than ever before by poor African-Americans living in cities
*1967-Riots in 100 American cities-urban blacks frustrated by lack of jobsm decent housing and education
*1968-in April, after Martin Luther King is assassinated riots break out in 125 U.S. cities
Kerner Commission
*Studies causes of black riots:white racism-separate but unequal America
Unfinished work
*housing and job discrimination, educational inequality, poverty, racism
Monday, February 2, 2009
U.S. History CH. 20 Notes
Cold War Around the World
Developing Nations
U.S.
Gives aid to Third World (Developing Nations)
Military Aid Programs to Combat Poverty
Soviet Union
Gives weapons to Third World (Developing Nations)
Military & Technical Assistance
(SPIES)
Assassination Overthrow Govts.
CIA
KGB
U.S. gives money to Nonaligned Nations
->Neutral
->Independent
Soviet Union gives weapons to
-India
-Indonesia
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Bay of Pigs Invasion
The U.S. military and the C.I.A. support Cuban rebels living in the United States. The rebels invade and attempr ro overthrow Fidel Castro's government in April 1960.
The invasion fails.
New president Kennedy is embarrassed
Berlin Crisis
Too many people are escaping from East Berlin to West Berlin. ->Khrushchev tries to take over West Berlin. ->He threatens war if Kennedy refuses to remove U.S. troops from West Berlin.
->Kennedy stands firm and doesn't remove U.S. troops.->Khrushchev builds the Berlin Wall.
Cuban Missile Crisis
--Oct. 14, 1962-U.S. spy planes spot nuclear missile sites in Cuba
--Oct. 22, 1962-Kennedy appears on TV to tell Americans he will stop this arms buildup, and to be prepared for a nuclear attack
--Oct. 24, 1962-U.S. naval ships quarantine the island of Cuba. They surround the island with a naval blockade. U.S. troops prepare to invade Cuba.
--Oct. 25, 1962-Soviet ships approach Cuba. They turn around at the last minute.
--Oct. 28, 1962-Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles from Cuba. In exchange, the U.S. agrees not to invade Cuba and to remove missiles from Turkey.
This leads to:
Hotline
A direct telephone line set up between the White House and the Kremlin to be used in emergencies.
Limited Test Ban Treaty
The U.S. and Soviet Union agree to stop all testing of nuclear weapons above ground.
Latin America [E/C]
Chile
->1970-Allende-freely elected Marxist
->1973-CIA-helps overthrow Allende
->Augusto Pinochet-brutal dictator takes over
Cuba
->1959-Fidel Castro-Communist revolutionary;overthrows Batista [dictator-U.S. supported]
->1960-Bay of Pigs-U.S. supports an invasion to overthrow Castro-invasion FAILS
->July 1962-Khrushchev/Soviet Union
-Begin putting nuclear missiles in Cuba
->October 1962-Cuban Missile Crisis
-U.S. President Kennedy blockades Cuba and prepares to invade
-Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles
Nicaragua & El Salvador
->U.S. supported dictator Somoza is overthrown by Communist Sandanistas
->U.S. supports Contras-anti-communist rebels
Kennedy's New Frontier
Not passed by Congress
->Domestic proposals:
o Medical care for the elderly
o Rebuild poor urban areas
o Improve education
->A conservative Congress did not pass Kennedy's new legislation
Passed by Congress
->Deficit Spending-to help the economy out of its recession
o 20% increase in Defense spending
o Increased minimum wage to $1.25 per hour
0 Extended unemployment insurance
0 Assisstance to cities with high unemployment
->Peace Corps- a program of volunteers from the U.S. helping poorer people in developing nations of Asia, Africa, Latin America
->Billions of dollars in aid to Latin America to prevent the spread of Communism
->Space program-was greatly increased with the goal of placing a man on the moon
->1963-Kennedy calls for a national assault on poverty; orders Justice Department to investigate racial injustice in the South
Johnson's "Great Society"
Civil Rights Act of 1964
->Prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, national origin and gender; gave the federal govt. new powers to enforce this
Voting Rights Act (1965)
->Ended literacy tests and allows federal govt. to monitor elections
Economic Opportunity Act (Aug. 1964)
o Johnson declares "Unconstitutional War on Poverty"
*Early 1964
Creates:
->Job Corps-youth job training
->VISTA- Volunteers in Service to America (like a domestic Peace Corps.)
->Head Start-preschool education program for poor children
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
->First major federal program to help schools
Medicare
->Low cost medical care for Americans over 65
Medicaid
->Medical care for poor people on welfare
Immigration Act of 1965
->Took away some restrictions-opened the door for many Asians to immigrate to the U.S.
Water Quality Act; Air Quality Act
->First laws to protect the environment from pollution
Reforms of the Warren Court
~The U.S. Supreme Court in the 1950s and 1960s under Chief Justice Earl Warren takes a liberal view and makes changes in America~
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
->Segregation in public schools is inherently unequal
Banned prayer in public schoools
->1st Amendment; seperation of church and state
Reappointment
->"One person, one vote"
->Drew new lines for voting districts. This gave nore votes to minorities who were packed into urban districts.
-Bakers v. Carr (1962)
Mapp v. Ohio
-Evidence seized illegally [without a warrant] cannot be used in court
Gideon v. Wainwright
->Govt. must provide a lawyer to criminals who can't afford one
Escobedo v. Illinois
->Right to have a lawyer present when being questioned by police
Miranda v. Arizona
->People who are arrested must be read their rights before being questioned by police
Developing Nations
U.S.
Gives aid to Third World (Developing Nations)
Military Aid Programs to Combat Poverty
Soviet Union
Gives weapons to Third World (Developing Nations)
Military & Technical Assistance
(SPIES)
Assassination Overthrow Govts.
CIA
KGB
U.S. gives money to Nonaligned Nations
->Neutral
->Independent
Soviet Union gives weapons to
-India
-Indonesia
KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR
Bay of Pigs Invasion
The U.S. military and the C.I.A. support Cuban rebels living in the United States. The rebels invade and attempr ro overthrow Fidel Castro's government in April 1960.
The invasion fails.
New president Kennedy is embarrassed
Berlin Crisis
Too many people are escaping from East Berlin to West Berlin. ->Khrushchev tries to take over West Berlin. ->He threatens war if Kennedy refuses to remove U.S. troops from West Berlin.
->Kennedy stands firm and doesn't remove U.S. troops.->Khrushchev builds the Berlin Wall.
Cuban Missile Crisis
--Oct. 14, 1962-U.S. spy planes spot nuclear missile sites in Cuba
--Oct. 22, 1962-Kennedy appears on TV to tell Americans he will stop this arms buildup, and to be prepared for a nuclear attack
--Oct. 24, 1962-U.S. naval ships quarantine the island of Cuba. They surround the island with a naval blockade. U.S. troops prepare to invade Cuba.
--Oct. 25, 1962-Soviet ships approach Cuba. They turn around at the last minute.
--Oct. 28, 1962-Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles from Cuba. In exchange, the U.S. agrees not to invade Cuba and to remove missiles from Turkey.
This leads to:
Hotline
A direct telephone line set up between the White House and the Kremlin to be used in emergencies.
Limited Test Ban Treaty
The U.S. and Soviet Union agree to stop all testing of nuclear weapons above ground.
Latin America [E/C]
Chile
->1970-Allende-freely elected Marxist
->1973-CIA-helps overthrow Allende
->Augusto Pinochet-brutal dictator takes over
Cuba
->1959-Fidel Castro-Communist revolutionary;overthrows Batista [dictator-U.S. supported]
->1960-Bay of Pigs-U.S. supports an invasion to overthrow Castro-invasion FAILS
->July 1962-Khrushchev/Soviet Union
-Begin putting nuclear missiles in Cuba
->October 1962-Cuban Missile Crisis
-U.S. President Kennedy blockades Cuba and prepares to invade
-Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles
Nicaragua & El Salvador
->U.S. supported dictator Somoza is overthrown by Communist Sandanistas
->U.S. supports Contras-anti-communist rebels
Kennedy's New Frontier
Not passed by Congress
->Domestic proposals:
o Medical care for the elderly
o Rebuild poor urban areas
o Improve education
->A conservative Congress did not pass Kennedy's new legislation
Passed by Congress
->Deficit Spending-to help the economy out of its recession
o 20% increase in Defense spending
o Increased minimum wage to $1.25 per hour
0 Extended unemployment insurance
0 Assisstance to cities with high unemployment
->Peace Corps- a program of volunteers from the U.S. helping poorer people in developing nations of Asia, Africa, Latin America
->Billions of dollars in aid to Latin America to prevent the spread of Communism
->Space program-was greatly increased with the goal of placing a man on the moon
->1963-Kennedy calls for a national assault on poverty; orders Justice Department to investigate racial injustice in the South
Johnson's "Great Society"
Civil Rights Act of 1964
->Prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, national origin and gender; gave the federal govt. new powers to enforce this
Voting Rights Act (1965)
->Ended literacy tests and allows federal govt. to monitor elections
Economic Opportunity Act (Aug. 1964)
o Johnson declares "Unconstitutional War on Poverty"
*Early 1964
Creates:
->Job Corps-youth job training
->VISTA- Volunteers in Service to America (like a domestic Peace Corps.)
->Head Start-preschool education program for poor children
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
->First major federal program to help schools
Medicare
->Low cost medical care for Americans over 65
Medicaid
->Medical care for poor people on welfare
Immigration Act of 1965
->Took away some restrictions-opened the door for many Asians to immigrate to the U.S.
Water Quality Act; Air Quality Act
->First laws to protect the environment from pollution
Reforms of the Warren Court
~The U.S. Supreme Court in the 1950s and 1960s under Chief Justice Earl Warren takes a liberal view and makes changes in America~
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
->Segregation in public schools is inherently unequal
Banned prayer in public schoools
->1st Amendment; seperation of church and state
Reappointment
->"One person, one vote"
->Drew new lines for voting districts. This gave nore votes to minorities who were packed into urban districts.
-Bakers v. Carr (1962)
Mapp v. Ohio
-Evidence seized illegally [without a warrant] cannot be used in court
Gideon v. Wainwright
->Govt. must provide a lawyer to criminals who can't afford one
Escobedo v. Illinois
->Right to have a lawyer present when being questioned by police
Miranda v. Arizona
->People who are arrested must be read their rights before being questioned by police
Monday, January 26, 2009
U.S. History Ch. 18 Notes
Two Superpowers Face Off
Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
*Great Britain-U.S.-Soviet Union decide how to divide up Europe and Germany after WWII is over.
Countries agree to allow free elections in countries they occupy
United Nations (June 1945)
*U.S. & Soviet Union + 48 countries form the United Nations
*General Assembly-All countries meet to talk and vote on issues
*Security Council- II countries
*China-Soviet Union-U.S.-Britain-France-have veto power, + 6 more countries that change
Has real power to authoruze military force and keep peace in the world
U.S. vs. Soviet Goals
U.S.
Democracy
*United Germany
*Promote stable democratic govts. in Europe, so countries can trade with the U.S.
Soviet Union
Communism
Divided Germany
Spread Communism to Europe
*Control European countries to use their resources and to protect the Soviet Union from war
Countries controlled by Soviet Union-Satellite Nations
Containment
*Keep Communism from spreading
Truman Doctrine
*Support the govt. of any country that is not communist
Marshall Plan
*Rebuild countries in Europe that were destroyed by WWII so they will not become communist, and so they will become strong trading partners with the U.S.
Communist China
After WWII
Mao's Communists battle with Jiang Jieshi's Nationalists
U.S. $2 billion
October 1949-Mao's Communists win control of China
U.S. help Taiwan (Jiang Jieshi)
->Jiang Jieshi flees to the tiny island of Taiwan
->The new Communist China invades Tibet and Mongolia
The Korean War
June 25, 1950
Communist North Korea invades South Korea
November 1950
General MacArthur and U.N. Troops trap N. Korea troops, and then push them back to the Yalu R.
End of Korean War
China and the U.S. pour troops into the war but neither North or South Korea is victorious.
July 1953
*Cease fire agreement is signed
38th Parallel
*The border is almost the same place it was before the war
54,000
*U.S. Soldiers killed
5,000,000
*Total soldiers and civilians die
1994
*Kim Jong II, communist dictator rules N. Korea develops nuclear weapons
1960s
*South Korea ruled by dictators
1987
*Democratic constitution; strong economy
The Fear of Communism
The Loyalty Review Board
*Begins investigating the Loyalty of federal employees in 1947
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
*Investigates all citizens inside and outside the govt.
Hollywood Ten
*Refused to testify before the HUAC because they believed people's constitutional rights were being violated
500 Hollywood actors, directors, etc.
*Were blacklisted and couldn't find work in their profession
*Careers were ruined
Alger Hiss and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
*Alger Hiss-first to tries for spying
*Rosenbergs are convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
*Both are executed on very little evidence
Senator Joseph McCarthy
*Begins attacking and accusing many people in the U.S. and the U.S. govt. of being Communists. "Fear Tactics"
Army hearings 1954
*1954--McCarthy accuses leaders of the Army of being communists
*People finally turn against him
*The U.S. Senate condemned him for improper conduct
U.S.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
U.S. & Canada
->Western Europe
->Military Alliance
Soviet Union
Warsaw Pact
Eastern Europe
->Soviet Union
->Military Alliance
Brinkmanship
"If you try anything we'll retaliate instantly!!"
Missiles/Space Race
Rocket technology used to deliver nuclear weapons
Cold War Tensions
U.S.
Nov.1, 1952
First H-Bomb
Stockpiling massive numbers of nuclear weapons
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)-begins secret activities to change or overthrow governments that are unfriendly to the U.S.
Soviet Union
August 1953
First Soviet Union H-Bomb
Stockpiling massive numbers of nuclear weapons
Suez Crisis
October 1916
*Soviets threaten to use Nuclear Weapons
U.N. imposed cease fire
Eisenhower and The Cold War
1953
*Stalin dies. NEW LEADER:Nikita Khrushchev publicly criticizes Stalin for committing crimes against his people
July 1955
*Eisenhower and Khrushchev summit meeting in Geneva. Hope that the Cold War will be over
November 1956
*Soviet Union cracks down on protesters in Hungary who demanded more liberties
*30,000 killed
*U.S. sends protests-no military aid
Eisenhower Doctrine
*U.S. will use military force to defend the Middle East from Communism
October 4, 1957
*Soviets send first satellite into space-"Sputnik"
January 31, 1958
*First U.S. satellite
*SPACE RACE BEGINS*
*To develop rocket technology to deliver weapons
U-2 incident
Soviets shoot down U.S. spy plane over Russia-Pilot:Francis Gary Powers
Cold War tensions get worse
Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
*Great Britain-U.S.-Soviet Union decide how to divide up Europe and Germany after WWII is over.
Countries agree to allow free elections in countries they occupy
United Nations (June 1945)
*U.S. & Soviet Union + 48 countries form the United Nations
*General Assembly-All countries meet to talk and vote on issues
*Security Council- II countries
*China-Soviet Union-U.S.-Britain-France-have veto power, + 6 more countries that change
Has real power to authoruze military force and keep peace in the world
U.S. vs. Soviet Goals
U.S.
Democracy
*United Germany
*Promote stable democratic govts. in Europe, so countries can trade with the U.S.
Soviet Union
Communism
Divided Germany
Spread Communism to Europe
*Control European countries to use their resources and to protect the Soviet Union from war
Countries controlled by Soviet Union-Satellite Nations
Containment
*Keep Communism from spreading
Truman Doctrine
*Support the govt. of any country that is not communist
Marshall Plan
*Rebuild countries in Europe that were destroyed by WWII so they will not become communist, and so they will become strong trading partners with the U.S.
Communist China
After WWII
Mao's Communists battle with Jiang Jieshi's Nationalists
U.S. $2 billion
October 1949-Mao's Communists win control of China
U.S. help Taiwan (Jiang Jieshi)
->Jiang Jieshi flees to the tiny island of Taiwan
->The new Communist China invades Tibet and Mongolia
The Korean War
June 25, 1950
Communist North Korea invades South Korea
November 1950
General MacArthur and U.N. Troops trap N. Korea troops, and then push them back to the Yalu R.
End of Korean War
China and the U.S. pour troops into the war but neither North or South Korea is victorious.
July 1953
*Cease fire agreement is signed
38th Parallel
*The border is almost the same place it was before the war
54,000
*U.S. Soldiers killed
5,000,000
*Total soldiers and civilians die
1994
*Kim Jong II, communist dictator rules N. Korea develops nuclear weapons
1960s
*South Korea ruled by dictators
1987
*Democratic constitution; strong economy
The Fear of Communism
The Loyalty Review Board
*Begins investigating the Loyalty of federal employees in 1947
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
*Investigates all citizens inside and outside the govt.
Hollywood Ten
*Refused to testify before the HUAC because they believed people's constitutional rights were being violated
500 Hollywood actors, directors, etc.
*Were blacklisted and couldn't find work in their profession
*Careers were ruined
Alger Hiss and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
*Alger Hiss-first to tries for spying
*Rosenbergs are convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
*Both are executed on very little evidence
Senator Joseph McCarthy
*Begins attacking and accusing many people in the U.S. and the U.S. govt. of being Communists. "Fear Tactics"
Army hearings 1954
*1954--McCarthy accuses leaders of the Army of being communists
*People finally turn against him
*The U.S. Senate condemned him for improper conduct
U.S.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
U.S. & Canada
->Western Europe
->Military Alliance
Soviet Union
Warsaw Pact
Eastern Europe
->Soviet Union
->Military Alliance
Brinkmanship
"If you try anything we'll retaliate instantly!!"
Missiles/Space Race
Rocket technology used to deliver nuclear weapons
Cold War Tensions
U.S.
Nov.1, 1952
First H-Bomb
Stockpiling massive numbers of nuclear weapons
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)-begins secret activities to change or overthrow governments that are unfriendly to the U.S.
Soviet Union
August 1953
First Soviet Union H-Bomb
Stockpiling massive numbers of nuclear weapons
Suez Crisis
October 1916
*Soviets threaten to use Nuclear Weapons
U.N. imposed cease fire
Eisenhower and The Cold War
1953
*Stalin dies. NEW LEADER:Nikita Khrushchev publicly criticizes Stalin for committing crimes against his people
July 1955
*Eisenhower and Khrushchev summit meeting in Geneva. Hope that the Cold War will be over
November 1956
*Soviet Union cracks down on protesters in Hungary who demanded more liberties
*30,000 killed
*U.S. sends protests-no military aid
Eisenhower Doctrine
*U.S. will use military force to defend the Middle East from Communism
October 4, 1957
*Soviets send first satellite into space-"Sputnik"
January 31, 1958
*First U.S. satellite
*SPACE RACE BEGINS*
*To develop rocket technology to deliver weapons
U-2 incident
Soviets shoot down U.S. spy plane over Russia-Pilot:Francis Gary Powers
Cold War tensions get worse
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