U.S. History Notes CH. 13

Prohibition





The 18th amendment (1919)

What it does- Prohibits manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

However- this could not be enforced





Prohibition 1920-1933



Causes of Prohibition

*Various religious groups believe drinking alcohol is sinful.

*Reformers believed alcohol leads to wife and child abuse and accidents on the job.

*During WWI native-born Americans developed hostility to German-American brewers and toward other immigrant groups that used alcohol.





Effects of Prohibition

*Disrespect for the law developed

*An increase in lawlessness such as smuggling and bootlegging was evident

*Criminals found a new source of income.

*organized crime grew.





1920s Urban vs. Rural Values...

* The growth of cities-- Results in new urban lifestyles that conflict with traditional values.

*Rural areas

Mostly supporters of prohibition clash with

*Urban areas

Many who ignore the prohibition laws.



Urban views Clash with Rural views









The Scopes Trial

*Fundamentalists

--Believe that the bible account of the creation of thr world is literally true.

More are from rural areas

Scientific Theory of Evolution

Many other Americans believe in the modern theory of evolution. More are from urban areas

Tennessee law

Teaching the scientific theory of evolution in a public school is illegal.

Important people:

John Scopes- taught the scientific theory in a public high school classroom

Clarence Darrow- famous defense attorney who defended Scopes

William Jennings Bryan- famous politician who was the prosecuting attorney.

"What rights do Americans have in teaching science and religion in public schools?"

Scopes is found guilty, but only fined $100.00 and let go.

Women in the 1920s

Flapper

-new style of dress; represents the emancipated women of the 1920s (more in urban areas)

19th Amendment (1920)

-women gain the right to vote!

Changing Roles in the Workplace

*Women lose jobs after WWI

*Women join the workforce in huge numbers as clerical workers

*Discrimination and inequality still exists against women in the workplace

*Technological advances simplify household tasks

*Despite change the majority of women remain homemakers.

Education and Popular Culture in the 1920s

What Happens in High schools?

-Number of high school students increases fourfold.

-High schools train students for jobs and homemaking (not just college)

Magazines and tabloids are started

-The Radio Increases news coverage and gives Americans shared experiences

Heroes/stars

-There is a new phenomena of sports heroes, adventure heroes and movie stars

New styles of art and literature

-Writers express the clash of values in American society

Harlem Renaissance

A new literary movement led by African American writers.

The 1920s is known as the "Jazz age"

-African American Jazz Music centered in Harlem takes over in America during the 1920s

African American Writers

-African Americans writers write honestly about the hardships of life for blacks in America

Black writers celebrate their heritage- "black is beautiful"

Jazz greats:

Louis Armstrong

Bessie Smith

Duke Ellington

Writers:

Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes

Problems Faced by African Americans in the 1920s

The Great Migration

African Americans move from the rural south to northern cities

Riots

Tensions from more blacks in cities result in race riots: 25 in 1919.

Discrimination and segregation

Is still widespread in both the north and south.

N.A.A.C.P.

--National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is formed to actively work for the rights of African Americans

--Led by James Weldon Johnson- who works for anti-lynching laws. And W.E.B. Dubois- the first African American to get a PhD from Harvard

Marcus Garvey

--Promoted black pride, economic independence and a reverence for Africa. Also supported black separatism

U.S. Historitry Notes CH. 8 & 12

Segregation and Discrimination


I. After the Civil War

A. Legal Discrimination in the South

Voting laws:

1. Literacy tests- if you can't read, you CAN'T VOTE.

a. Sometimes tests were five pages long.

b. Not administered equally- harder for black people.

2. Poll tax- Poor people can't afford to vote.

--Many free African Americans were working as sharecroppers and had very little money for anything but food.

3. Grandfather Clause-those whose "grandfathers" could vote before the Civil War (1866) were exempt from the poll tax and literacy tests.

a. Most all blacks couldn't vote before the Civil War and the 15th Amendment.

b. This meant that whites had a special exception to the voting restrictions.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites: drinking fountains, restrooms, restaurants. Segregation in all public places

B. Plessy v. Ferguson

1. 1896- Supreme Court case
2. Held that Jim Crow segregation laws were constitutional
3. Did NOT deny blacks their equal protection under the constitution as long as the separate facilities were of equal conditions.
4. "Separate but equal" is OK.
5. In fact, separate facilities for blacks actually DID NOT have equal conditions.

C. Violence Against African Americans in the South

1. Lynching-illegal executions, without trial, by a mob
2. Ida B. Wells- fought against lynching
3. Lynching was used as a method to terrorize African-Americans who were beginning to gain wealth and property

II. Discrimination and Problems in the North

1. Segregated neighborhoods especially in cities
2. Lowest paying jobs
3. Often could't join unions
4. Race riots- Happened in some cities (N.Y.-1900)

A. Mexican Americans

1. Suffered discrimination
2. Lower pay for the same work
3. Debt peonage- became almost owned by a landowner until they paid off a debt.

B. Chinese Americans

1. Discrimination
2. Riots
3. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882- People from China could NO LONGER immigrate to the America

1920's Reaction to The Threat of Communism

Russian Revolution

1917 communist revolution in Russia

Red Scare

Fear of communists. Workers may start a violent revolt in America

Palmer Raids

Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer raids suspected anarchists, socialists, and communists; deports immigrants. Civil rights denied in the interest of safety

Sacco and Vanzetti

Radical immigrants are put to death after an unfair trial

Ku Klux Klan

Membership increases; promotes terrorism and violence against people who are "different," such as: African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants. "Protect America from impure races an un-American people.

3 Trends in America in the 1920's

1. Isolationism- the U.S. does not want to get involved in the affairs of the world.
2. Nativism- mistrust of immigrants. Restrictions on immigration.
3. Conservatism- keep things the way they are; no more progressive changes!

LABOR VS. BIG BUSINESS

In the 1920's---> Workers are inspired by the Russian Revolution and socialists in America to seek better pay and conditions

<--- Business Owners and the public are afraid of communists revolt and do not respect unions

<--- Conservative U.S. government tends to side with big business. Strikes are put down with force. There is little progress in workplace reform.

Labor Problems in the 1920's

I. The Boston Strike (1919)

-Boston police go on strike for a decent wage.

a) Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge -says "Police have no right to strike if it threatens public safety."

-Coolidge calls in the National Guard to restore order

b) Policemen fired!!!! Others hired in their place.

New officers get everything that was asked for

II. U.S. Steel Mill Strike (Sept. 1919)

Mill workers were working 7 days a week 12 hours a day in hot, dangerous conditions.

a) U.S. Steel Mill strikers went on strike when their demands for better conditions weren't met.

b) Security police, state militia and federal troops kill 18 workers.

c) strike breakers are hired.

d) Newspapers report lies that strikers are really led by communists who want to destroy the country.

III. Coal miners strike (Nov. 1, 1919)

a) Led by John L. Lewis

b) workers received a 27% pay increase.

Harding-U.S. Foreign Policy

* U.S. encourages all nations to disarm-scrap most existing weapons. and build no more.

POSITIVE

*Kellog Briand Pact

- 64 nations sign treaty never to go to war.- problem; no provision to enforce the treaty if it is violated.

*Dawes Plan

- U.S. banks loam Germany $2.5 billion so they can pay reparations to France. Helps avoid a military conflict.

Harding's Return to Normandy Foreign Policy

Isolationism

Fordney-McCumber

a.60% Tariff on imports

Tariff

b. to protect U.S. businesses

U.S. does not join the League of Nations

Limits to Imigration

a. quota system

b. "They might take away jobs"

c. They can't be trusted to be loyal tot he U.S.

d. Red Scare

U.S. demands that France and Britain keep their word and pay back all debts from WWI.

Hardings Scandal

Good appointments:

a. Charles Evans Hughes- secretary of state

b. Andrew Mellon- secretary of Treasury

c. Herbert Hoover- secretary of Commerce

Ohio Gang

Harding's friends working in Washington

Teapot Dome Scandal

a. secretary of the interior, sells federal land to big oil companies for a kick back $$.

Business in the 1920s

New Inventions

--changes lifestyles:

automobile industry (Henry Ford), airline industry, electrical conveniences (such as the radio, refrigerator, toaster, electrical stove, and the vacuum cleaner)

Advertising

sells more products: the new "age of advertising"

The Installment Plan

allows people to buy more products on credit without having the money.

The economy booms!

it is based on people buying new things with money they don't have.

Urban Sprawl

cities expand- new cars and commuter trains allow workers to live farther away from cities

U.S. History CH. 11 Notes WWI

CAUSES OF WWI

Nationalism

Wilhelm
-Deep devotion to one's nation
-Rivalry
-Competition for dominance


Imperialism
-Fierce competition for colonies in Asia and Africa
-Competition for economic power


Militarism
-Glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war
-Arms race/arms build-up


Alliances
-Nations agree to fight for each other


Before the war:
Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Triple Entente-France, Great Britain, and Russia









WWI Begins-July 28, 1914

Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is assassinated by a Serbian Nationalist









Trench Warfare
Boths sides of the fighting looked similar. The middle of the two trenches was known as "No Man's Land" because it was almost impossible to survive there.







Why the U.S. Enters the War

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Germany attacks merchant and passanger ships


British Propoganda

"Germans are barbarians!"


President Wilson

"The world is unsafe for democracy"


Zimmerman Note

Secret letter from Germany
encourages Mexico to attack the U.S.


Economic Ties
Loans to British and French

U.S. businesses had been loaning money to the Allies more.
They wanted England and France to win so they would get their money back


Russia Withdraws

5.5 million soldiers killed in WWI
Food and fuel shortages- because of the war people were starving
The Czar abdicates March 1917


Czar's government collapses


Bolsheviks take over
Led by Vladimir Lenin
Nov. 1917
Marxist/Communist government
Lenin does not want to support a capitalist war









The War at Home

Business/ Goverment Cooperation

Government controls industry

W.I.B.- War Industries Board
--set production quotas
--allocated raw materials increase

Other Agencies:
-Railroad Admin.
-Fuel Admin.
-National War Labor Board


Conservation of food and resources
--People grow their own "Victory Gardens"
Jobs increase- testing to help people find the right jobs


Selling the War

George Creel heads the Committee on Public Information
--75,000 "Four Minute Men" sell the war with 60 million pamphlets, booklets, and leaflets



Attacks on Civil Liberties

Anti-immigrant, anti-German, Austro-Hungarian hysteria
-Lost Jobs
-Lynchings


Espionage and Sedition Act- Prohibited saying anything bad about the govt. or anything that would make young men not want to go to war. Led to Attacks on Socialists, labor leaders, and conscientioud objectors
--violated First Amendment right of free speech








Social Changes

Great Migration of African Americans

African Amerifcans move from the south to war industry jobs in the north

The war provides new job oppurtunities for African Americans

Lived in crowded, segregated ghettoes

Race riots in some cities. White workers angry at blacks for being strikebreakers and taking their jobs



Women
--Moved into war jobs that were formerly held by men
--However, after the war they lost their jobs.
--They did win more respect.
-19th Amendment (1920)- Women finally win the right to vote after WWI.

Flu Epidemic

1918-500,000 Americans died in one year. More than were killed in WWI.

40 million die worldwide

Treaty of Versailles

President Wilson's 14 Points

-Countries should agree to terms which will create a world where war will never happen again

-Create a League of Nations:

U.S. History CH. 10 Notes "Imperialism"

Global Imperialism

Imperialism- stronger nations expand and control weaker lands and people

• Need more resources
• Need places to sell products

GLOBAL IMPERIALISM

British Empire

1900- 1/4 of the world land and people

Africa carved up by Europe

Japan extends in Korea and China

I. Causes of U.S. Imperialism

A. Needs

1. More resources

a) Coal

b) Iron

c) Oil

2. Large U.S. businesses need to be economically competitive

3. Military Competition- need for a STRONG global military presence for defense

B. Social Darwinism

1. Racial superiority
2. Belief that American Christianity and the freedom of the U.S. civilization is superior
3. Manifest Destiny- America has the God-given right to spread our "superior" culture to "inferior" peoples and lands

C. Advances in Technology

1. U.S. has developed more powerful military weapons and industrial means of production
2. Because of this, the U.S. produces more than it can sell at home
3. Foreign trade- seen as the solution to overproduction

D. Alfred T. Mahan

1. Head of Naval War College
2. U.S> needs a strong navy to defend U.S. shipping routes
3. A strong navy requires naval bases for refueling located all around the world
4. Build a canal in Panama so ships can travel more freely

U.S. Takeover of Hawaii

U.S.

U.S. military and business interests

Hawaii

Rights and needs of native peoples

Missionaries

1820's- U.S. missionaries set up Christian schools

U.S. Businesses

U.S. Business establish large sugar plantations

--Laborers flow in from Japan, China, and Portugal

King Kalakaua

1887- U.S. Businesses force King Kalakaua to change Hawaii's constitution and allow only wealthy landowners to vote.

McKinley Tariff

1890- McKinley Tariff- Businesses in Hawaii must pay a tax to ship to U.S.-- Business owners want to make Hawaii part of the U.S.

Queen Liliuokalani

1891- Queen Liliuokalani opposes U.S. businesses. Wants to end property qualifications for voting

Revolution

1893- U.S. businesses organize a "revolution" against the Queen

• U.S. Marines land: "To protect U.S. lives and property"
• Queen Liliuokalani is imprisoned
• Sanford B. Dole-U.S. plantation owner becomes president

Annexation

August 12, 1898-U.S. annexes Hawaii under President McKinley

• Hawaiians not allowed to vote on whether to join the U.S.
• U.S. establishes Naval Base in Hawaii

Spanish-American-Cuban War

Events leading up to the war

Yellow Journalism

Exaggerated news stories "A good war sells newspapers"

American businesses

Had investments in sugar plantations in Cuba

Spanish atrocities

U.S. sympathy for Cuban rebels who were cruelly treated by the Spanish

De Lome Letter

A letter written by a Spanish ambassador criticizing the President

Considered a personal attack on President McKinley by the Spanish government

EXPLOSION OF THE U.S.S. MAINE

February 15, 1898-260 crew members DIE

U.S. opinion...?

"THE SPANISH DID IT!" (probably just an internal fire in the coal bin.)

II. Events in the Conflict Between Spain and the U.S.

A. U.S.S. Maine

1. Explodes February 15, 1898
2. SPAIN IS BLAMED April 20, 1898-Congress declares war on Spain

B. George Dewey

1. Naval officer
2. May 1, 1898--Destroys Spanish fleet in Manila, Philippines

C. Rough Riders

1. Volunteer troops under the command of Leonard Wood and Teddy Roosevelt
2. Invades Cuba
3. June 1898-Victory at San Juan Hill (Actually Kettle Hill)

D. War Ends

1. July 17, 1898
2. Santiago- Spanish fleet destroyed at Santiago, Cuba

E. Treaty of Paris 1898

1. Cuba becomes independent
2. Puerto Rico and Guam given to U.S.
3. U.S. pays Spain $20 MILLION for Philippines

III. U.S. Acquries New Lands *EC*

A. Puerto Rico

1. Luis Munoz Rivera-lead fight for Puerto Rican independence
2. 1900- Foraker Act-U.S. controls Puerto Rico

a) U.S. appoints governor and upper house.

b) Puerto Ricans can vote for lower house

3. 1901-Insular Cases- Constitutional rights don't automatically apply to people in U.S. territories

4. 1917- Puerto Ricans given U.S. citizenship BUT NOT A STATE

B. Cuba

1. Before the war--Teller Amendment- U.S. promises it will not try to control Cuba but...
2. After the war--THE U.S. INSISTS THAT CUBA INCLUDE THE PLATT AMENDMENT IN ITS CONSTITUTION:

a) Cuba can make no treaties that would allow it to be controlled by another country

b) U.S. military has the right to come into Cuba to "maintain order"

c) Cuba cannot go into debt

d) U.S. has the right to set up a naval base and refeuling station in Cuba

C. Philippines

1. NEGATIVE- U.S. controls this country against their will

a) 20,000 Filipino rebels killed

b) 4,000 U.S. troops die

c) $400,000,000 spent

2. POSITIVE- U.S. builds schools, hospitals, improves sanitation

a) July 4, 1946- Philippines becomes an independent country

IV. U.S. Open Door Policy

A. Open Door Notes

U.S. calls for open ports in China, no colonies in China, and no special trading privileges for any country.

B. Boxer Rebellion

1. Chinese revolt against foreign control of their country
2. U.S., Japan, Britain, and Russia combine to defeat the rebellion.
3. Nov. 1899- Sept.1901

C. Beliefs

1. The U.S. economy depends on exports
2. The U.S. has the right to intervene in foreign countries to keep foreign markets open
3. Any foreign area closed to American products threates U.S. survival

D. Views on Imperialism

1. "It is not necessary to own people to trade with them."- William Jennings Bryan
2. "The expense and hassle of controlling a foreign land outweighs any economic benefits."- Anti-imperialists

V. The U.S. as a World Power

A. Under Teddy Roosevelt

1. "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far."- T. Roosevelt/African Proverb

"Big Stick" foreign policy

2. GREAT WHITE FLEET- U.S.'s "big stick"

--Demonstrating U.S. military power around the world

3. U.S. warships held a revolution in Panama against Columbia so Roosevelt can build the Panama Canal

--Canal completed August 15, 1914

Roosevelt Corollsry to the Monroe Doctrine

1. Monroe Doctrine-Europe stay away from countries in the Western Hemisphere!

-- However...Roosevelt Corollary:U.S. military can intervene in the Western Hemisphere to police and "keep order", to protect its economic interests

2. U.S. as international police power

B. Wilson Missionary Diplomacy

1. The U.S. will not recognize any undemocratic, hostile, brutal government
2. April 1914-Wilson sends U.S. troops to vera Cruz, Mexico against the brutal Huerta government
3. January 1916- Wilson sends 15,000 U.S. troops into Me

U.S. History CH. 7 Notes "Immigration"

WARM UP

The following words are inscribed on the Statue of Liberty, which stands near Ellis Island in New York.:

Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teaming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!


These words are from a poem by Emma Lazarus.

• COPY THESE WORDS IN YOUR NOTEBOOK (5 PTS.)

• What do these words mean?
• Does this describe the way America feels about immigrants today?
• Do you think this is the attitude America should have towards immigrants? Why, or why not?
• ANSWER THE THREE QUESTIONS (10 PTS.)

ANSWERS

• These words mean that America is trying to welcome in the new immigrants , even if they are the trash of their country or simply not welcome in their country. We welcomed these immigrants because our land was under-populated and we had a numerous amount of jobs, including work in factories.
• Yes, it does describe the way America feels about immigrants today, but at the same time, some people do not welcome the immigrants because the country is now over populated and there are not that many jobs available to everyone.
• We should NOT have this attitude towards the immigrants because everyone should be treated equally and everyone should have the same oppurtunities and rights. We have this attitude because of all the wars and problems that have happened with Americans and Immigrants, which give us the impression that the Immigrants are trying to harm the United States.

I. The New Immigrants

REASONS FOR IMMIGRATING

A. Southern and Eastern Europe

1. Italy, Austria-Hungary, Poland, Russia (who)
2. Religious persecution (why)
3. Over population (why)
4. To find freedom and better jobs (why)
5. Checkpoint: Ellis Island

B. Asia

1. China and Japan, Philippines (who)
2. Obtain better paying jobs (why)
3. Mine gold (why)
4. Checkpoint: Angel Island

C. Caribbean Islands and Central America

1. Mexico, Cuba, and Puerto Rico (who)
2. Find Work (why)
3. Escape VIOLENCE (why)
4. Checkpoint: Ellis Island, Southeastern U.S., and Southwestern U.S.

Native Born Americans: Speak English; Ancestors came from Western Europe; Caucasians; Protestant

New Immigrants: Often no English; came from other parts of the world; Eastern Europe/ Asia/ Hispanic; Catholics, Jews, Buddhists

II. Immigration to the U.S.

A. Difficult Journey

1. Many traveled in cargo hold
2. Rarely allowed on deck
3. Diseases spread rapidly on boats

B. Culture Shock

1. Confusion and anxiety in a new country whose culture they didn't understand
2. Couldn't speak the language
3. Taken advantage of by con men and thieves

C. Rise of Nativism

Growing prejudice against new and different immigrants

D. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

1. Prohibited Chinese immigration until 1943

E. Gentlemen's Agreement

1. Voluntary agreement: U.S. agreed to desegregate Japanese in schools
2. Japanese agreed to limit immigrants

CAUSES

• Immigrants arrive by the millions for a new life in America
• Inventions make farming more efficient and reduce need for farm workers
• Rural people move to cities to find work
• Cities provide jobs and cultural oppurtunities

URBAN GROWTH

EFFECTS

• Skyrocketing population creates problems in

-Housing

-Transportation

-Water and Sanitation

-Safety

- Social reformers establish programs to aid poor

-Political machines seize control of major cities

The Problems of Urbanization

Who is coming to cities:

A. Immigrants

1. Cities were cheaper and near factories
2. Can live with their own people
3. Cultural activities

B. Farmers

1. Less farm workers needed- NEW TECHNOLOGY
2. Seeking jobs in cities

C. African-Americans

1. Less farm work
2. Fleeing persecution in the south
3. Seeking jobs in cities
4. Cultural community

PROBLEM:

D. Lack of housing and open areas of land

SOLUTION:

1. New homes that took up less space
2. Apartments; Row houses; Dumbell apartments

PROBLEM:

E. Lack of safe and efficient transportation

SOLUTION:

1. Mass transit networks
2. New forms of transportation
3. Cable cars; electric streetcars and subways

PROBLEM:

F. Unsafe drinking water/ Lack of sanitation

SOLUTION:

1. Chlorination and filtration of water; started sewer lines and sanitation departments

PROBLEM:

H. Fire Hazards

SOLUTION:

1. Full-time professional fire departments
2. Fire sprinklers
3. Replaces wood with brick, stone and concrete buildings

PROBLEM:

I. Crime

SOLUTION:

1. Started full-time professional police departments.

Social Welfare Reformers

A. Social Gospel Movement

1. American Christians sought salvation by serving the poor
2. Tried to make life better for poor workers and poor people in cities

B. Settlement Houses

1. Set up community centers in poor city neighborhoods

a) After-school programs

b) Classes for adults

c) Help for the sick

C. Jane Addams

1. Leader in this movement
2. Helped start Hull House in Chicago

Political Machines Run Cities

CITY BOSS

WARD BOSS

PRECINCT WORKERS

• Organized group that controls a political party
• Exchange services for vote for political or financial support
• Bosses control THOUSANDS of jobs, licenses, and inspections
• Many bosses are immigrants (Irish)

Political Corruption

Money and Power!

GRAFT- taking kick-backs

VOTES

FRAUD

ACCOUNTING

BRIBERY

• Tamany Hall- N.Y. Political machine
• Tweed Ring- Corrupt politicians
• Boss Tweed- City boss/leader
• Thomas Nast- cartoonist/helps break Tweed Ring
  

Politics of the Guilded Age

Patronage

1. Giving govt. jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected becomes a BIG PROBLEM in the nation.

(1877) Rutherford B. Hayes

1. elected president
2. tries to reform the civil service system (the method of picking people for government jobs)
3. unsuccessful
4. has somne success cleaning up N.Y. customhouse

Republican Party

STALWARTS- Reform the Civil Service System!!

MUGWUMPS--Keep Patronage!

(1881) James A. Garfield

1. Independent, elected pres.
2. supports reformers after elected
3. assassinated by a Stalwart

(1881) Chester A. Arthur

1. becomes president
2. changes from Stalwart to reformer after becoming president
3. Results in Congress passing the Pendleton Act (1883) sets up a bipartisan civil service system which appoints people to govt. jobs based on merit.

TARIFFS

1. Another BIG PROBLEM
2. high tariffs (tax on imports) support BIG BUSINESS but make prices higher for common people

(1888) Benjamin Harrison

1. Republican
2. raises tariffs to highest level ever

(1884)(1892) Grover Cleveland

1. Democrat
2. able to get tariffs lowered for awhile

U.S. History CH. 6 Notes

"Industrial Expansion"

Rural- Industrial Expansion


Abundant Natural Resources

1. Iron ore, coal and oil are resources which particularly help big industries.
2. 1859- Edwin L. Drake invents the steam engine drill to remove oil from the ground
3. 1850- The Bessemer process turns iron ore into durable steel.
4. Steel is used to make farm machinery, railroad tracks, barbed wire, bridges, and skyscrapers.

New Inventions

1. 1879- Thomas A. Edison invents the electric light bulb and develops electric power plants.
2. George Westinghouse invented ways to make electricity safer, less expensive and more useful.
3. 1867- Christopher Sholes invents the typewriter.
4. 1876- Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.

Expanding Urban Populations

1. Provide markets- they buy the new inventions and industrial goods.
2. They provide the labor force to operate the new industries.

The New Age of Railroads

Transcontinental railroads unite the country

Help bring about a nationwide standardized time system

Corrupt industrialists influence the government and make huge profits

Munn v. Illinois- Supreme Court holds that States can regulate railroads to charge fair prices

Railroads promote travel, growth and trade between cities

Railroad workers suffer from dangerous working conditions and low pay

Interstate Commerce Act- The U.S. government can also regulate railroads

Railroads charge unfair and high prices

Panic of 1883- Railroads financial problems cause nationwide financial crisis.

Carnegie's Management and Business Strategies

POSITIVE +

• New techniques and machinery to make better products more cheaply.
• Hired talented people: chemists, metallurgists, good businessmen
• Encouraged competition among his top employees to increase production and cut costs

NEGATIVE - Carnegie controlled and dominated the entire industry: VERTICAL INTEGRATION

COAL MINES

FREIGHTERS

IRON MINES

RAILROADS

• CARNEGIE BOUGHT OUT EVERY BUSINESS THAT HAD ANYTHING TO DO WITH WHAT WAS GOING IN AND COMING OUT OF HIS STEEL MILLS.

HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION

• CARNEGIE BOUGHT OUT OTHER COMPANIES IN THE SAME INDUSTRY WHO MIGHT COMPETE WITH HIS STEEL MILLS.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Law passed by Congress that made it ILLEGAL to form a trust if it interferes with competition and free trade.

TRUST

DIVIDENDS

COMPANY A

STOCK

COMPANY B

STOCK

COMPANY C

STOCK

COMPANY D

STOCK

"We're all in this TOGETHER! NO COMPETITION. We'll charge people high prices and they won't have anyone else to buy from. We'll put other companies that try to get started OUT OF BUSINESS."

SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT WAS DIFFICULT TO ENFORCE!

In the beginning courts favored wealthy businesses with high paid lawyers and didn't enforce the Act.

Problems in the South

• Southern economy remains primarily agricultural: NOT MUCH BIG INDUSTRY.
• Still rebuilding from destruction after the Civil War
• Railroad companies charge high rates $$ for shpping farmers' crops and for industries trying to get raw materials.

LABOR UNIONS

Reasons for Formation of Labor Unions

1. Dangerous conditions
2. Low pay
3. Long hours- UNEQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK

Knights of Labor

1. Uriah Stephens & Terrance V. Powderly
2. All workers, regardless of race, gender, or skill

American Federation of Labor

1. Samuel Gompers
2. Skilled workers from different industries

Industrial Workers of the World

1. William "Big Bill" Haywood
2. Miners, lumberers, cannery, and dock workers
3. Open to all workers including women, African-Americans
4. Supported socialism

American Railway Union

1. Eugene V. Debs
2. Skilled and unskilled railway workers and engineers

Decline of Labor Unions

1. Sherman Anti-Trust Act used against unions
2. Strikers fired, blacklisted by owners
3. Fear of Socialist Revolution
4. Prejudice within the unions

*EC* UNIONS AND SOCIALISM

Social Darwinism and Free market Capitalism

• OWNERS: Have money
• A few very wealthy business owners

WORKERS: No money

• Many very poor families where everyone needed to go work long hours just to get enough food

SOCIALISM:

OWNERS and WORKERS: Both have money

• Profits were distributed equally between owners and workers so all get just as much as they need
• The government controls the businesses and sitributes the profits
• Some unions such as the IWW became socialist others did not go that far

STRIKES

Great Strike of 1877

1. Cause: Pay cuts Railroad workers strike
2. Strike spreads to many states
3. Halted by President Hayes

Haymarket Riots, 1886

1. Cause: Workers Protest killing of striker by police -- Bomb is thrown at police. Police fired on the strikers: killing several (at least four-many wounded)

Homestead, 1892

1. Cause: Poor pay, unhealthy working conditions
2. Carnegie steel workers strike resulting in violence
3. National Guard called in- Strikers lose

Pullman, 1894

1. Cause: Low wages and high rents in Pullman Town
2. Violence, scabs
3. Federal troops, strikers fired

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1911

1. Cause: Unsafe building company locked all doors
2. Many workers jump to their deaths when fire breaks out
3. 146 killed
4. BETTER CHILD LABOR AND FIRE LAWS AFTERWARDS