U.S. History CH. 6 Notes

"Industrial Expansion"

Rural- Industrial Expansion


Abundant Natural Resources

1. Iron ore, coal and oil are resources which particularly help big industries.
2. 1859- Edwin L. Drake invents the steam engine drill to remove oil from the ground
3. 1850- The Bessemer process turns iron ore into durable steel.
4. Steel is used to make farm machinery, railroad tracks, barbed wire, bridges, and skyscrapers.

New Inventions

1. 1879- Thomas A. Edison invents the electric light bulb and develops electric power plants.
2. George Westinghouse invented ways to make electricity safer, less expensive and more useful.
3. 1867- Christopher Sholes invents the typewriter.
4. 1876- Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.

Expanding Urban Populations

1. Provide markets- they buy the new inventions and industrial goods.
2. They provide the labor force to operate the new industries.

The New Age of Railroads

Transcontinental railroads unite the country

Help bring about a nationwide standardized time system

Corrupt industrialists influence the government and make huge profits

Munn v. Illinois- Supreme Court holds that States can regulate railroads to charge fair prices

Railroads promote travel, growth and trade between cities

Railroad workers suffer from dangerous working conditions and low pay

Interstate Commerce Act- The U.S. government can also regulate railroads

Railroads charge unfair and high prices

Panic of 1883- Railroads financial problems cause nationwide financial crisis.

Carnegie's Management and Business Strategies

POSITIVE +

• New techniques and machinery to make better products more cheaply.
• Hired talented people: chemists, metallurgists, good businessmen
• Encouraged competition among his top employees to increase production and cut costs

NEGATIVE - Carnegie controlled and dominated the entire industry: VERTICAL INTEGRATION

COAL MINES

FREIGHTERS

IRON MINES

RAILROADS

• CARNEGIE BOUGHT OUT EVERY BUSINESS THAT HAD ANYTHING TO DO WITH WHAT WAS GOING IN AND COMING OUT OF HIS STEEL MILLS.

HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION

• CARNEGIE BOUGHT OUT OTHER COMPANIES IN THE SAME INDUSTRY WHO MIGHT COMPETE WITH HIS STEEL MILLS.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Law passed by Congress that made it ILLEGAL to form a trust if it interferes with competition and free trade.

TRUST

DIVIDENDS

COMPANY A

STOCK

COMPANY B

STOCK

COMPANY C

STOCK

COMPANY D

STOCK

"We're all in this TOGETHER! NO COMPETITION. We'll charge people high prices and they won't have anyone else to buy from. We'll put other companies that try to get started OUT OF BUSINESS."

SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT WAS DIFFICULT TO ENFORCE!

In the beginning courts favored wealthy businesses with high paid lawyers and didn't enforce the Act.

Problems in the South

• Southern economy remains primarily agricultural: NOT MUCH BIG INDUSTRY.
• Still rebuilding from destruction after the Civil War
• Railroad companies charge high rates $$ for shpping farmers' crops and for industries trying to get raw materials.

LABOR UNIONS

Reasons for Formation of Labor Unions

1. Dangerous conditions
2. Low pay
3. Long hours- UNEQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK

Knights of Labor

1. Uriah Stephens & Terrance V. Powderly
2. All workers, regardless of race, gender, or skill

American Federation of Labor

1. Samuel Gompers
2. Skilled workers from different industries

Industrial Workers of the World

1. William "Big Bill" Haywood
2. Miners, lumberers, cannery, and dock workers
3. Open to all workers including women, African-Americans
4. Supported socialism

American Railway Union

1. Eugene V. Debs
2. Skilled and unskilled railway workers and engineers

Decline of Labor Unions

1. Sherman Anti-Trust Act used against unions
2. Strikers fired, blacklisted by owners
3. Fear of Socialist Revolution
4. Prejudice within the unions

*EC* UNIONS AND SOCIALISM

Social Darwinism and Free market Capitalism

• OWNERS: Have money
• A few very wealthy business owners

WORKERS: No money

• Many very poor families where everyone needed to go work long hours just to get enough food

SOCIALISM:

OWNERS and WORKERS: Both have money

• Profits were distributed equally between owners and workers so all get just as much as they need
• The government controls the businesses and sitributes the profits
• Some unions such as the IWW became socialist others did not go that far

STRIKES

Great Strike of 1877

1. Cause: Pay cuts Railroad workers strike
2. Strike spreads to many states
3. Halted by President Hayes

Haymarket Riots, 1886

1. Cause: Workers Protest killing of striker by police -- Bomb is thrown at police. Police fired on the strikers: killing several (at least four-many wounded)

Homestead, 1892

1. Cause: Poor pay, unhealthy working conditions
2. Carnegie steel workers strike resulting in violence
3. National Guard called in- Strikers lose

Pullman, 1894

1. Cause: Low wages and high rents in Pullman Town
2. Violence, scabs
3. Federal troops, strikers fired

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1911

1. Cause: Unsafe building company locked all doors
2. Many workers jump to their deaths when fire breaks out
3. 146 killed
4. BETTER CHILD LABOR AND FIRE LAWS AFTERWARDS

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U.S. History Ch. 5 Notes

The Conflict between Native Americans and Settlers in the West



1834

1. A government law said the entire Great Plains west of the Mississippi belonged to the Native Americans

1849

1. Gold in California
2. Settlers coming through Indian lands

1858

1. Gold in Colorado brings more settlers

1862

1. The Homestead Act
2. Free land to settlers who would cultivate it.
3. MORE SETTLERS.

1869

1. The Transcontinental Railroad completed.
2. Herds of buffalo got in the way of trains
3. Buffalo were source of food and clothing for Native Americans--ALL WIPED OUT!

Native Americans

Struggled to keep land and way of life

Sand Creek Massacre

1. November 29, 1864
2. Cheyenne Village
3. U.S. soldiers killed 200 MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN.

Custer's Last Stand

1. General Custer and 200 of his men tried to attack village of Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull.
2. All men were KILLED by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

Wounded Knee Massacre

December 28, 1890

1. 300 Native American men, women, and children are slaughtered in the snow.

Cowboys in the Cattle Industry

1. The Spanish bring horses to America.
2. Later brought longhorn cattle.

Cowboys

1. Spanish Vaqueros in Mexico
2. First Cowboys
3. Drove the cattle from ranches in Southern Texas to railroads in the North.

a) Journey took about 3 months

b) Called a long drive.

Railroads

-- Growth of railroads allowed ranches in the west to ship cattle to crowded cities in the east-- DEMAND FOR BEEF INCREASES!

Chisholm Trail

1. Most famous long drive
2. To a shipping yard in Abilene, Kansas.

1883

-- Severe drought and heat killed many cattle

--Blizzards and 68º below zero temperatures KILLED MORE CATTLE.

1887

After 1887

1. Ranches raised smaller herds on enclosed ranches
2. The west became covered with private ranches

a) Fenced in with barbed wire

b) Long drives were no longer possible.

FARMERS AND THE FIRST WHITE SETTLERS ON THE GREAT PLAINS

CAUSES

RAILROADS 1850-1871

• U.S. government gives them 170 million acres
• 1869- Transcontinental Railroad completed
• Railroads sell land to attract settlers from Europe

Homestead Act of 1862

160 acres of free land to settlers who will farm it for 5 years or more

Many African Americans go west "Exodusters"

INVENTIONS!

Makes it possible for settlers to survive

1837- John Deere sells steel plow that slices through tough soil

1847- Cyrus McCormick sells reapers for harvesting wheat

PROBLEMS

Cost of farm machinery and land= DEBT

Railroads charge wetsern farmers high prices for shipping

Farmers Problems after the Civil War

Economic Problems

• Gold Standard- All paper money in America must be backed by REAL GOLD in Ft. Knox
• This is hard to do
• There isn't a lot of money around
• Money is very precious and can buy A LOT
• Deflation- The price of goods goes down

FARMERS

Railroads charge high prices

LOANS

Have to pay back with precious money

LOW PRICES

Not much income

• Grange (Oliver Kelley) Organization fights for farmer's rights
• Bimetallism- Let's back up money with silver also, so there will be more money out there. Then prices for crops will go up.
• Populist Party- A political party for farmers and working people. Led by William Jennings Bryan
• "Cross of Gold" Speech (Bryan) - Farmers and working people are being crucified on a "cross of gold". The gold standard makes bankers wealthy when people have to pay back their loans. Bimetallism allows farmers to survive.

Test Review

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U.S. History Ch. 4 Notes

"Civil War- Timeline"



U.S. History 1800-1865


1840's

1. Americans get "expansion fever"
2. Claims it is their "Manifest Destiny" to move west and take over land to the Pacific Ocean.

1838

1. Underground Railroad
2. Helps slaves escape

1848

1. Seneca Falls, NY
2. First women rights convention

1849

1. California Gold Rush brings more settlers west

1850

1. The Compromise of 1850 settled the dispute over whether the land acquired from Mexico should be slave or free states. It endorsed Popular Sovereignty- The people of each new state should decide.

1857

1. U.S. Supreme Court decides the Dred Scott Case
2. States that slaves have NO RIGHTS, even in a free state.
3. No state can deny a man his "property", including slaves
4. Southerners want to keep slaves
5. Abolitionists in north become furious

1860

1. Abraham Lincoln is elected president

Civil War Timeline (Cont.)

1861

1. Confederate States of America- Southern states
2. Jefferson Davis is president
3. April 12- The Civil War begins- Fort Sumter, South Carolina

1862

1. Antietam: September 17- 23,000 soldiers casualites in one day- 3,650 killed

1863

1. January 1- President Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation
2. Frees slaves in Confederate states
3. 180,000 African-Americans fight for the Union-- 23 win the Medal of Honor
4. November 19- Lincoln delivers his Gettysburg Address

1865

1. April 9- General Robert E. Lee and Confederacy surrender to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox
2. 13th Amendment ratified
3. Slavery is abolished

Reconstruction

Abraham Lincoln

1. Wanted to reunite the nation
2. Favored a lenient policy

a) Pardon all confederates

b) 10% plan- states can rejoin the Union if 10% of the population swears allegiance to the Union

Andrew Johnson

1. Same lenient policy
2. However, DON'T PARDON WEALTHY POWERFUL SOUTHERN LANDOWNERS.

Congress

1. Tough Policy on the South

a) Majority of the population must swear allegiance before a state is readmitted

b) Passed civil rights legislation for African Americans

c) Required Southern states to grant blacks the right to vote and ratify the 14th amendment before readmitted

Economic Conditions in the South

Southern States after the Civil War

The economy is devastated

-bonds no good

-land no value

Population is devastated.

1/5 of males killed in war.

Infrastructure devastated. Buildings, roads, bridges destroyed.

Had to increase taxes in order to rebuild

Freed Slaves Trying To Rebuild Their Lives

NO MONEY

NO JOB

NO POSSESSIONS

NO EDUCATION

NO LAND: White southerners given back their land

Forced to become SHARECROPPERS

KU KLUX KLAN

terror hatred

U.S. Supreme Court undermines 14th and 15th Amendments.

Why Congressional Reconstruction Collapsed

Reconstruction Collapses

Political scandals in Grant's administration

Economic Crisis in the North

Many just want North and South to be reunited

TROOPS PULLED OUT

Southern politicians regain control

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U.S. History Chapter 3 Notes

"Growth of A New Nation"

Timeline

1793

1. Samuel Slater- establishes first textile factory in the U.S.
2. Beginning of the Industrial Revolution
3. Eli Whitney- invents the cotton gin
4. Cotton industry grows in South
5. Slavery increases

1800

1. Thomas Jefferson- elected president
2. Simple decentralized government

1803

1. John Marshall- U.S. Supreme Court Justice
2. Marbury v. Madison- establishes judicial review
3. Supreme court can declare acts of Congress and the President unconstitutional- "Judicial review"
4. Lewis and Clark- explore Louisiana territory

1812

1. War of 1812 "War hawks" in the south and west demand war after British impressments of U.S. sailors at sea.
2. War again against Great Britain
3. August 1814- British destroy Washington D.C.
4. Jan. 8, 1815- Andrew Jackson and U.S. troops win Battle of New Orleans

1820

1. Missouri Compromise- No slave states allowed above 36°30’ north latitude
2. Differing views between the North and South states
3. Struggle for the Union of our country

1823

1. Monroe Doctrine- President Monroe
2. Warns European powers not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere.
3. U.S. will not interfere in Europe

Timeline (cont.)

1828

1. Andrew Jackson- elected president
2. Supports common people of the South and West vs. wealthy Northern industrialists

1830

1. Trail of Tears- Native Americans in the South are removed to the west by President Jackson
2. White settlers want land for profit
3. Many die

1845

1. John L. O'Sullivan uses term Manifest Destiny
2. Americans have a divine right to spread their culture

a. Native American and Mexican lands

b. All the way to Pacific ocean

1836

1. U.S. settlers stream west

a. Oregon Trail

b. Santa Fe Trail

2. March 6- Texas lose battle of the Alamo to Mexico

3. July- Texas wins independence

a. Sam Houston- first elected president

1846

1. War with Mexico begins under U.S. president Polk

1848

1. February 2- Treaty of Guadalupe
2. U.S. agrees to pay Mexico $15 million

a. California

b. Nevada

c. New Mexico

d. Utah

e. Wyoming

f. most of Colorado

3. June 6- Gold Rush to California begins

Reform Movements in the Early 1800s

Abolitionist Movement

1. By 1820s- Americans start to call for an end to slavery
2. Mostly in the North

William Lloyd Garrison

1. Strongest voice against slavery
2. Published The Liberator newspaper

Frederick Douglass

1. Former slave, escaped to freedom
2. Self- educated
3. Excellent speaker
4. Spoke out against slavery

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1. Organized 50 slaves
2. Revolted and killed 60 whites (1831)
3. Fear of slaves rebellions in the South

Uncle Tom's Cabin

1. 1852- Harriet Beecher Stowe writes a huge bestseller novel about the cruelty of slsvery

Sojourner Truth

1. Former Slave
2. Powerful speaker against slavery and women's rights

Seneca Falls Convention

1. 1848- Equality for women
2. Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Women

1. Became more a more powerful force
2. Worked in reform movements for change in America

The Market Revolution

Americans make what they need for themselves

Americans buy and sell to get what they need

SHOES- CLOTHES- TOOLS

Inventions

*1837- Telegraph, Samuel F.B. Morse

*1807- Steamboat, Robert Fulton

*1816-1860- Canals

*steel plows- John Deere

*Reaper- Cyrus McCormick

*Cotton gin- Eli Whitney

Factories/Manufacturing

*Huge machines powered by steam

*Factories grew in Northern cities while south stuck with cotton and agriculture

*Textile mills are the first factories

Factories

workers

1845- Immigrants- Irish potato famine

Poor working conditions

Low pay

strikes

National Trades Union

First unions organized

Commonwealth V. Hunt

First case supporting unions