U.S. History CH. 22 Notes

The Vietnam War

Early 1900's
*France controls Vietnam and takes their resources


1930's
*Ho Chi Minh begins to lead Communist revolts against the French


1940-1945
*Japan invades and controls Vietnam in WWII


1945
*France takes over again after Japanese lose WWII


1954
*Vietnamase Communists and Nationalists defeat the French in a major battle at Dien Bien Phu


United States
*Supports France to stop Communism


Geneva Peace Conference (1954)
*Divide Vietnam in half at 17 degrees north latitude


Ho Chi Minh
*Rules North Vietnamn as a Communist dictator


Ngo Dinh Diem
*Rules South Vietnam as a dictator, supported by U.S. & France









The Beginning of U.S. Involvement in Vietnam

1950
*President Truman gives:
-$15 million aid to help French control Vietnam
-$2.6 billion over the next four years


1953
*President Eisenhower:
-Continues U.S. policy of giving aid to the French
-Domino theory-if we lose one country we may lose all the countries in Southeast Asia


1961
*President Kennedy:
-Supports Ngo Dinh Diem's government
-Increases aid to South Vietnam
-Sends in 16,000 "military advisors"


1964
*President Johnson:
-Believes politically and strategically that the U.S. cannot let Vietnam become communist

-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:Congress grants Johnson the power to use "all necessary measures" to repel attacks on the U.S. in Vietnam


1965
*50,000 U.S. troops are fighting in Vietnam









The Vietnam War

U.S.S.R. (Military aid, no troops)

China (Military aid, no troops)

North Korea (Ho Chi Minh)

Viet Cong (National Liberation Front)
-guerilla fighters seeking to take over South Vietnam


WAR


South Vietnam (Ngo Dinh Diem)


United States (troops and military aid)

American Troops in Vietnam
-1963-16,500
-1965-161,000
-1966-400,000
1967-475,000
-1968-536,000









The Vietnam War

Communist Vietcong from the north
*Used guerilla warfare to take over S. Vietnam


1950s-early 60s
*U.S. sends in military "advisors" to help South Vietnam


Aug.1964
*U.S. President Johnson claims North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships. U.S. begins to send in troops


1968
*U.S. has 500,000 troops in Vietnam


Vietnamese people
*Support the Vietcong


Vietnam war
*Becomes unpopular in U.S.


1969
*President Nixon begins pulling U.S. troops out


1973
*Last U.S. troops out

Deaths in the war
*Americans-58,000
Vietnamese-1.5 million









The Vietnam War


Gulf Of Tonkin Resolution (1964)
-President Johnson claims the North Vietnamese attacked U.S. ships

-Congress grants the President the authority to use "all necessary means" in Vietnam



Selective Service
-The Vietnam War had a draft. College students and others could get special deferments

-The Vietnam War was fought mainly by 10 year-old, minority, "lower/working class" males


-Most of the soldiers who fought were not old enough to vote



Demonstrations/Protests
-The nation was sharply divided over whether the U.S. should be in Vietnam

-Students and young Americans staged huge Anti-war demonstrations



My Lai Massacre
-Many Vietnamese villagers fought for the Vietcong at night

-The soldiers couldn't tell who was an enemy and who wasn't

-U.S. soldiers lined up and massacred more than 100 Vietnamese villagers, mostly women and children









Turbulent Times

Nov. 22, 1963-President Kennedy Assassinated


July 2, 1964-Civil Rights Act of 1964


1964-1968-Race riots-Hundreds of riots in American cities



Blacks angry at:
*Police brutality
*No jobs
*Slum living conditions
*De facto segregation


Tet Offensive-U.S. loses hope of winning Vietnam War

April 3, 1968-Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated

June 1968-Presidential Candidate Robert Kennedy assassinated

1968-Vietnam War-500,000 U.S. soldiers-more than any year

August 1968-Huge violent demonstrations at Democratic National Convention-Chicago

May 4, 1970-4 students killed in anti-war. Demonstrations at Kent. State









The End of the Vietnam War

Tet Offensive
*North Vietnamese Communists launch a surprise offensive against South Vietnam
-U.S.-3,000 killed
-Vietcong-32,000 killed
-U.S. loses hope of ever winning the war


President Nixon

Vietnamization --> Gradual troop pullout

"Peace with honor"=Paris Peace Talks and massive bombings

April 30, 1970-Invasion and bombing of Cambodia ->Protests on 1200 college campuses -> Kent State massacre-4 students killed by National Guard.
Jan 23rd. 1973-Peace Agreement
March 1973-Last U.S. troops out of Vietnam


After the war
*North Vietnamese take over all of South Vietnam after U.S. troops leave-May 1975

-Many who fought against communist are put to death

-400,000 put in labor camps

-1.5 million South Vietnamese leave the country

-over 50,000 killed in boats trying to escape


Cambodia
*U.S. bombs Cambodia during the war because Vietcong are hiding there

-Communist Khmer Rouge govt. takes over

-Khmer Rouge puts to death 1/4 of the population: 2 million killed

U.S. History CH. 21 Notes

Segregation in America

Plessy v. Ferguson
*Seperate facilities for blacks and whites does not violate the 14th Amendment which guarantees equal protection under the law for all Americans. As long as the facilities are equal


Jim Crow Laws
*Passed in the South which separated the races by law. Separate restrooms, restaurants;blacks and whites could not marry, etc


Black facilities were always inferior
*The U.S. spent 10 times as much money educating a White child as it did an African American child


NAACP Led by Thurgood Marshall
*Decided to challenge laws:blatantly segregated and unequal education and other facilities in court

(1950) Sweatt v. Painter
*State law schools must admit black applicants


(1946) Morgan v. Virginia
*Segregation on interstate buses is unconstitutional









Segregation and Civil Rights

(1896) Plessy v. Ferguson
*"Separate but equal" treatment does not deny "equal protection of the laws" (14th Amendment)


(1954) Brown v. Board of Ed.
*Legal segregation causes harm. Separate is inherently unequal

*1955- States must implement this "with all deliberate speed."

Southern Governors refuse to comply


Central High School, Little Rock (1957)
*President Eisenhower calls in the 101st Airborne troops to escort African American students


Rosa Parks (1955)
*Segregation on city buses

*Arrested for not giving seat to a white person


Dr. Martin Luther King
*Leads bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama


1956
*U.S. Supreme Court outlaws segregation on city buses









The Emerging Civil Rights Movement

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s strategy
*Protest peacefully and with dignity, then Americans and the world will be on your side. . . laws will change.

*King is inspired by the nonviolent methods of Mohandas K. Gandhi in India.


Anti-black violence
*In the south

*Whites seek to keep blacks "in their place."

*14 year-old Emmett Till id brutally murdered in 1955



Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
*Founded by M.L. King to use nonviolent means to fight segregation


Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
*College students willing to put their bodies on the line in nonviolent protests to end segregation



Lunch counter sit-ins (1960)
*SNCC members refuse to leave segregated lunch counters. Lunch counters in 48 cities and 11 states become desegregated









The Struggle for Equal Rights


Freedom Riders
*CORE and SNCC volunteers (whites and blacks together) ride on interstate buses into the South to test the law banning segregation on interstate buses

*Riders are fire bombed and beaten with lead pipes by white mobs. Southern police do not protect the riders

*TV news publicizes the events arounf the world. People around the world are outraged

*Kennedy calls in 400 U.S. marshals to escort the riders

*The Interstate Commerce Commission orders all interstate bus stop facilities to be desegregated



James Meredith
*Is escorted by troops to attend the University of Mississippi amidst violent protests by whites



Birmingham, Alabama
->Dr. King uses nonviolent means to desegregate one of the most racist cities in America

->Negative media publicity around the world results in a victory for desegregation


March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963)
->250,000 protesters gather peacefully to urge Congress to pass a new Civil Rights act. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives his "I Have a Dream" speech.


July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is passed
->Bans segregation in all public places









Votiing Rights

Freedom Summer
->SNCC and Core seek to register voters in Mississippi

->90% of African Americans unable to vote in Miss.

->Volunteers suffer death, beatings, bombings



Selma Campaign
->M.L.K. supports voter registration in Selma, Alabama

->Protest march grows to 25,000

->President Johnson backs protesters

->A few weeks later, the Voting Rights Act of 1965-eliminates literacy test


24th Amendment
->(1968) Prohibits poll tax


Malcom X
->Whites are cause of black peoples condition
*Civil rights "by any means necessary"

*Blacks should separate themselves from white society

*Devout Muslim


Stokely Carmichael
->Helps start the Black Power movement


Black Panthers
->Armed revolutionary group. Also started daycare centers, breakfast programs









Civil Rights-Urban Poverty and Violence

De jure segregation
*Martin Luther King and the non-violent civil rights movement end legal segregation in the United States


De facto segregation
*Segregation still exists in the U.S. because, in fact, whites move to suburbs, leaving African-Americans together in poor urban areas


Race Riots
*Aug. 11, 1965- 5 days after President Johnson signs the Voting rights act, blacks in the Watts district of L.A. riot:34 killed, $30 million damage

*1966-more riots than ever before by poor African-Americans living in cities

*1967-Riots in 100 American cities-urban blacks frustrated by lack of jobsm decent housing and education

*1968-in April, after Martin Luther King is assassinated riots break out in 125 U.S. cities


Kerner Commission
*Studies causes of black riots:white racism-separate but unequal America


Unfinished work
*housing and job discrimination, educational inequality, poverty, racism

U.S. History CH. 20 Notes

Cold War Around the World

Developing Nations


U.S.
Gives aid to Third World (Developing Nations)
Military Aid Programs to Combat Poverty

Soviet Union
Gives weapons to Third World (Developing Nations)
Military & Technical Assistance


(SPIES)
Assassination Overthrow Govts.
CIA
KGB


U.S. gives money to Nonaligned Nations
->Neutral
->Independent


Soviet Union gives weapons to
-India
-Indonesia









KENNEDY AND THE COLD WAR

Bay of Pigs Invasion

The U.S. military and the C.I.A. support Cuban rebels living in the United States. The rebels invade and attempr ro overthrow Fidel Castro's government in April 1960.

The invasion fails.

New president Kennedy is embarrassed


Berlin Crisis

Too many people are escaping from East Berlin to West Berlin. ->Khrushchev tries to take over West Berlin. ->He threatens war if Kennedy refuses to remove U.S. troops from West Berlin.
->Kennedy stands firm and doesn't remove U.S. troops.->Khrushchev builds the Berlin Wall.


Cuban Missile Crisis

--Oct. 14, 1962-U.S. spy planes spot nuclear missile sites in Cuba

--Oct. 22, 1962-Kennedy appears on TV to tell Americans he will stop this arms buildup, and to be prepared for a nuclear attack

--Oct. 24, 1962-U.S. naval ships quarantine the island of Cuba. They surround the island with a naval blockade. U.S. troops prepare to invade Cuba.

--Oct. 25, 1962-Soviet ships approach Cuba. They turn around at the last minute.

--Oct. 28, 1962-Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles from Cuba. In exchange, the U.S. agrees not to invade Cuba and to remove missiles from Turkey.
This leads to:

Hotline

A direct telephone line set up between the White House and the Kremlin to be used in emergencies.


Limited Test Ban Treaty

The U.S. and Soviet Union agree to stop all testing of nuclear weapons above ground.









Latin America [E/C]

Chile
->1970-Allende-freely elected Marxist

->1973-CIA-helps overthrow Allende

->Augusto Pinochet-brutal dictator takes over


Cuba
->1959-Fidel Castro-Communist revolutionary;overthrows Batista [dictator-U.S. supported]

->1960-Bay of Pigs-U.S. supports an invasion to overthrow Castro-invasion FAILS

->July 1962-Khrushchev/Soviet Union
-Begin putting nuclear missiles in Cuba

->October 1962-Cuban Missile Crisis
-U.S. President Kennedy blockades Cuba and prepares to invade
-Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles


Nicaragua & El Salvador
->U.S. supported dictator Somoza is overthrown by Communist Sandanistas

->U.S. supports Contras-anti-communist rebels









Kennedy's New Frontier

Not passed by Congress
->Domestic proposals:
o Medical care for the elderly

o Rebuild poor urban areas

o Improve education

->A conservative Congress did not pass Kennedy's new legislation


Passed by Congress
->Deficit Spending-to help the economy out of its recession

o 20% increase in Defense spending

o Increased minimum wage to $1.25 per hour

0 Extended unemployment insurance

0 Assisstance to cities with high unemployment


->Peace Corps- a program of volunteers from the U.S. helping poorer people in developing nations of Asia, Africa, Latin America

->Billions of dollars in aid to Latin America to prevent the spread of Communism

->Space program-was greatly increased with the goal of placing a man on the moon

->1963-Kennedy calls for a national assault on poverty; orders Justice Department to investigate racial injustice in the South









Johnson's "Great Society"

Civil Rights Act of 1964
->Prohibits discrimination based on race, religion, national origin and gender; gave the federal govt. new powers to enforce this


Voting Rights Act (1965)
->Ended literacy tests and allows federal govt. to monitor elections


Economic Opportunity Act (Aug. 1964)
o Johnson declares "Unconstitutional War on Poverty"
*Early 1964

Creates:
->Job Corps-youth job training

->VISTA- Volunteers in Service to America (like a domestic Peace Corps.)

->Head Start-preschool education program for poor children


Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
->First major federal program to help schools


Medicare
->Low cost medical care for Americans over 65


Medicaid
->Medical care for poor people on welfare


Immigration Act of 1965
->Took away some restrictions-opened the door for many Asians to immigrate to the U.S.


Water Quality Act; Air Quality Act
->First laws to protect the environment from pollution









Reforms of the Warren Court

~The U.S. Supreme Court in the 1950s and 1960s under Chief Justice Earl Warren takes a liberal view and makes changes in America~


Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
->Segregation in public schools is inherently unequal


Banned prayer in public schoools
->1st Amendment; seperation of church and state


Reappointment
->"One person, one vote"

->Drew new lines for voting districts. This gave nore votes to minorities who were packed into urban districts.
-Bakers v. Carr (1962)


Mapp v. Ohio
-Evidence seized illegally [without a warrant] cannot be used in court


Gideon v. Wainwright
->Govt. must provide a lawyer to criminals who can't afford one


Escobedo v. Illinois
->Right to have a lawyer present when being questioned by police


Miranda v. Arizona
->People who are arrested must be read their rights before being questioned by police

U.S. History Ch. 18 Notes

Two Superpowers Face Off


Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)

*Great Britain-U.S.-Soviet Union decide how to divide up Europe and Germany after WWII is over.

Countries agree to allow free elections in countries they occupy


United Nations (June 1945)

*U.S. & Soviet Union + 48 countries form the United Nations

*General Assembly-All countries meet to talk and vote on issues

*Security Council- II countries

*China-Soviet Union-U.S.-Britain-France-have veto power, + 6 more countries that change

Has real power to authoruze military force and keep peace in the world









U.S. vs. Soviet Goals


U.S.

Democracy

*United Germany
*Promote stable democratic govts. in Europe, so countries can trade with the U.S.


Soviet Union

Communism

Divided Germany

Spread Communism to Europe

*Control European countries to use their resources and to protect the Soviet Union from war


Countries controlled by Soviet Union-Satellite Nations


Containment

*Keep Communism from spreading


Truman Doctrine

*Support the govt. of any country that is not communist


Marshall Plan

*Rebuild countries in Europe that were destroyed by WWII so they will not become communist, and so they will become strong trading partners with the U.S.








Communist China

After WWII

Mao's Communists battle with Jiang Jieshi's Nationalists


U.S. $2 billion

October 1949-Mao's Communists win control of China

U.S. help Taiwan (Jiang Jieshi)


->Jiang Jieshi flees to the tiny island of Taiwan

->The new Communist China invades Tibet and Mongolia









The Korean War


June 25, 1950

Communist North Korea invades South Korea


November 1950

General MacArthur and U.N. Troops trap N. Korea troops, and then push them back to the Yalu R.








End of Korean War

China and the U.S. pour troops into the war but neither North or South Korea is victorious.



July 1953
*Cease fire agreement is signed


38th Parallel
*The border is almost the same place it was before the war


54,000
*U.S. Soldiers killed


5,000,000
*Total soldiers and civilians die


1994
*Kim Jong II, communist dictator rules N. Korea develops nuclear weapons


1960s
*South Korea ruled by dictators


1987
*Democratic constitution; strong economy









The Fear of Communism

The Loyalty Review Board
*Begins investigating the Loyalty of federal employees in 1947


House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
*Investigates all citizens inside and outside the govt.


Hollywood Ten
*Refused to testify before the HUAC because they believed people's constitutional rights were being violated


500 Hollywood actors, directors, etc.
*Were blacklisted and couldn't find work in their profession
*Careers were ruined


Alger Hiss and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
*Alger Hiss-first to tries for spying
*Rosenbergs are convicted of passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union
*Both are executed on very little evidence


Senator Joseph McCarthy
*Begins attacking and accusing many people in the U.S. and the U.S. govt. of being Communists. "Fear Tactics"


Army hearings 1954
*1954--McCarthy accuses leaders of the Army of being communists
*People finally turn against him
*The U.S. Senate condemned him for improper conduct









U.S.

NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
U.S. & Canada
->Western Europe
->Military Alliance


Soviet Union
Warsaw Pact
Eastern Europe
->Soviet Union
->Military Alliance


Brinkmanship
"If you try anything we'll retaliate instantly!!"


Missiles/Space Race
Rocket technology used to deliver nuclear weapons









Cold War Tensions


U.S.
Nov.1, 1952
First H-Bomb

Stockpiling massive numbers of nuclear weapons

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)-begins secret activities to change or overthrow governments that are unfriendly to the U.S.



Soviet Union
August 1953
First Soviet Union H-Bomb


Stockpiling massive numbers of nuclear weapons


Suez Crisis
October 1916
*Soviets threaten to use Nuclear Weapons

U.N. imposed cease fire









Eisenhower and The Cold War

1953
*Stalin dies. NEW LEADER:Nikita Khrushchev publicly criticizes Stalin for committing crimes against his people

July 1955
*Eisenhower and Khrushchev summit meeting in Geneva. Hope that the Cold War will be over

November 1956
*Soviet Union cracks down on protesters in Hungary who demanded more liberties
*30,000 killed
*U.S. sends protests-no military aid


Eisenhower Doctrine
*U.S. will use military force to defend the Middle East from Communism


October 4, 1957
*Soviets send first satellite into space-"Sputnik"


January 31, 1958
*First U.S. satellite

*SPACE RACE BEGINS*
*To develop rocket technology to deliver weapons


U-2 incident
Soviets shoot down U.S. spy plane over Russia-Pilot:Francis Gary Powers
Cold War tensions get worse

U.S. History Ch. 19 Notes

Postwar America


G.I. Bill Of Rights

>To help WWII veterans

>Tuition for education

>1 year's unemployment pay

>Loans for businesses and farms



Economic Growth

>After the Great Depression and WWII the U.S. economy grows like never before.

>America becomes the "affluent society"
-Savings from War Bonds; Cold War Defense spending



Harry S. Truman

>Democratic president in 1945

>Supports:

-Civil Rights-desegregates military
-Farmers and unions
-National health insurance

>A conservative congress fails to pass most of the measures Truman wants

>Truman orders to end desegregation in hiring of govt. employees



General Dwight D. Eisenhower

>Elected president in 1952-Republican

>A strong president to defend against communism

>Conservative on Civil Rights

"I don't believe you can change the hearts of men with laws or decisions



Baby boom

>Soldiers come home; women laid off working

>More babies are born than in any other generation









The Other America


The 1950s

*Was a time for great economic prosperity-mostly for wealthier White Americans

*40 million Americans live in poverty and don't see this economic growth

*Many of the poor are minorities who end up living in run down, filthy conditions in cities.
They live seperated from wealthier Americans in areas called ghettos



Braceros

*During WWII hired hands are needed to do temporary work. The U.S. set up this program to hire Mexicans who are supposed to return to Mexico



1953-55

*U.S. deports 2 million Mexicans and other illegal aliens

*Mexican/Latin American immigrants suffer


1948

*California Supreme Court ends segregated classrooms for Mexican Americans

*Mendez v. Westminster (1946)

U.S. History CH. 17 Notes

Mobilization on the Home Front





1. Selective Service System



-> Men 18+ must register fort the military draft

-> Provided 10 million troops





2. Women



-> 250,000 served in support roles in the military (WAAC)

-> 6 million worked in industry for the war





3. Minorities



Served in the military:



-> 500,000 Mexican-Americans

-> 1 million African-Americans

-> 13,000 Chinese

-> 33,000 Japanese

-> 25,000 Native Americans





4. Manufacturers



-> Converted factories to production of weapons and war goods

-> Built more shipyards and defense plants





5. A. Philip Randolph



-Organized a march on Washington that got Pres. Roosevelt to issue an order calling an end to discrimination in war industries.





6. Office of Scientific Research and Development



-> Brought improvement in radar and sonar

-> Use of pesticides to fight insects

-> Developed penicillin and other drugs to save lives

-> Developed the atomic bomb



7. Entertainment



-> Produced war time propaganda films

-> Created films that allowed people to escape the horrors of war

-> Informed the public about the war





8. Office of Price Administration



-> Fought inflation

-> Set prices on most goods

->Created a system of rationing goods that were essential to the military



9. War Production Board



-> Coordinated and oversaw the conversion of all industries to wartime production

-> Decided how to divide up raw materials

-> Organized recycling drives for valuable resources


10. Rationing

-> Households received ration books with a fined number of coupons for buying scarce goods that the military needed such as gasoline.









Japan and the War in the Pacific

1. Japanese Agression in Asia

* Threatens U.S. controlled Guam and Philippine Islands

*U.S. cuts off oil shipment to Japan


2. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

*Dec. 7, 1941

* 2,400 Americans killed

*Most of U.S. Pacific Naval ships wiped out


3. Japan

Takes over:
*Guam
*Wake Is.
*Philippines

4. Bataan Death March

*150,000 U.S. prisoners marched until most of them die

*Feb. 1942


5. 1942

*U.S. bombers make it through and bomb Tokyo and other Japanese cities

6. Battle of Midway Island

*U.S. planes surprise the Japanese

*Destroy 250 Japanese planes and all four Japanese Aircraft carriers


7. The Tide Turns

*Now Allies hop from island to island and advanced on Japan









Allied Plan for Victory

1.Defeat Germany first
2.Attack on two fronts


Britain and the U.S. agreed on the ATLANTIC CHARTER


Germany---> Soviet Union


Allies (Great Britain/U.S.)

3.Accept only unconditional surrender


Allies Defeat Rommel in N. Africa

Nov. 8, 1942
U.S. Gen. Eisenhower
+107,000 U.S. troops land in Morocco & Algeria


May 1943
Desert Fox and German Army smashed


Nov. 3, 1942
Gen. Montgomery beats Rommel-Germany retreats









1943- Germany Losing on 2 Fronts

Feb. 2, 1943
German army surrenders at Stalingrad


July 10, 1943
Allied forces invade Italy


U.S. Mobilizes for war

*1940-45 U.S. factories convert to wartime production
*18 million workers
*many women
*$288 billion


*June 3, 1942
U.S. defeats Japan at the Battle of Midway Is.
Turning point in the War in the Pacific


*Feb. 19, 1942
U.S. fears attacks from Japan
120,000 Japanese-Americans are placed in internment camps on the west coast









Allied Victory in Europe


*June 6, 1944
D-Day-Allies invade Normandy beaches and push towards Germany


*Dec, 16, 1944
German Tanks surprise Allies at the Battle of the Bulge


*May 7, 1945
Hitler commits suicide.
Germany surrenders



Victory in the Pacific

*June 22, 1945
U.S. takes Okinawa after bloodiest WWII battle

U.S. estimates 500,000 U.S. lives would be lost taking Japan by land

*July 1945
Japan refuses to surrender









The Impact of WWII at Home in the U.S.


Economic Prosperity
WWII ends the Great Depression

-> Unemployment: 24.9%- 1932 --> 1.2%-1944
-> Average paycheck increases 70%
->Farmers income triples
->6 million women find new jobs
-Women are forced or pressured to leave jobs when men return from the war



Migration
->Many people move to cities where there are weapons plants
->African-Americans continue to migrate from the south


G.I. Bill of Rights

->Provided education and training for veterans returning from the war.


African-Americans

->U.S. military remains segregated in WWII
->Blacks finally allowed to participate in combat
-Many are decorated for distinguished service


Mexican Americans

->Serve in segregated units
->Many distinguished themselves in combat


"Zoot Suit" Riots

->White soldiers start a riot against Mexican-Americans who wear Zoot Suits(1943)

*Aug. 6 & 9, 1945
U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
-200,000 lives (mostly civilians) lost.


*Sept. 2, 1945
Japanese surrender to Gen. Douglas MacArthur

U.S. History CH. 16 Notes

"WORLD WAR LOOMS"

GLOBAL DEPRESSION

The impact of WWI on Europe:

Governments:

• Many countries in Europe have democracies for the first time including:

France

Austria-Hungary

Italy

Germany

(Russia)

• New democracies have many political parties and must form weak coalition governments
• Weak democracies/weak leadership

Economics:

European economies are war torn and rebuilding after WWi

U.S. economy was strong- loans to European nations

Surviving the Great Depression

The crisis makes it hard for democratic governments to survive...

Britain

Forms a coalition national government that preserves democracy

France

-Socialist coalition called the "Popular Front" helps, workers, but democracy is preserved.

Scandanavian countries

--Socialiast Democratic governments meet the challenge of economic crisis successfully

The United States

_President Franklin D. Roosevelt begins government programs which provide jobs, and help banks and businesses

These programs are called the New Deal

Democracy in America survives

Germany after WWI

Callled the Weimar Republic

This government is blamed for the Versailles Treaty and Germany's economic problems

Too many Political Parties

No strong leader

Economic Problems:

Germany prints money to pay off debts

Inflation becomes severe:

1 loaf of bread:

1918= 1 mark

1922=160 marks

1923=200 billion marks

U.S. provides the Dawes Plan to aid Germany

-$200 million in loans to strengthen Germany's economy

Agression and Reaction

Japan Invades CHina (1931)

League of Nations protests

Japan ignores protests and withdraws from the League of Nations

League of Nations has no power to do anything

Mussolini attacks Ethiopia (1935)

Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie appeals to League of Nations for help

League of Nations condemns the attack

League of Nations does nothing!









Hitler's Military Agression

Hitler defies the Versailles Treaty and rebuild's Germnay's military

League of Nations- condemns Germnay but does nothing

Hitler- signs Rome-Berlin Axis Pact with Mussolini and Italy

1936- German troops move into Rhineland
British urge appeasement

U.S. follows policy of isolationism

March 1938- Hitler marches into Austria and annexes it (France and Britain ignore their pledge to protect Austria)

Hitler demands Sudetenland from Czechoslovokia

Czech's ask France and Britain for help

Britain allows Hitler to take Sudetenland at the Munich Conference

1939- Hitler's troops take all of Czechoslovokia









The German Offensive

March 15, 1939- Hitler's troops take over Czechoslovokia

Aug. 23, 1939- Soviet Union and Germany sign a nonagression pact
Poland using blitzkrieg tactic

Sept. 1, 1939- Germany invade

Sept. 3, 1939- Britain and France declare war on Germany

Sept. 1939- April 1940- sitzkrieg, "phony war"- an eerie period of calm when neither side does anything

April 9, 1940- Germany invades and takes over Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg

April 9, 1940- France surrenders to Germany









Germany Vs. France and Britain

British Pilots use radar to stop German bombing and invasion of Britain









The Nazi Holocaust

Jews blamed for Germany's problems

Nuremburg Laws- Jews segregated

Kristallnacht- first open violence against Jews in Germany

Ghettos- Jews closed off and die through starvation and disease

Over 1 million Jews and Slavic civilians shot to death in Russia

Jewish Refugees not accepted in other countries

FINAL SOLUTION- six million Jews systematically gassed to death in concentration camps









Jewish Refugees and the U.S.

Jewish Refugees

-U.S. accepts 60,000 Jewish refugees per year from Germany and Eutope, including physicist Albert Einstein


Immigration Quotas

U.S. maintains strict immigration quotas during WWII


St. Louis

U.S. government refuses to allow Refugees to land in the U.S. -(a ship full of Jewish refugees who are pleading for a place to find safety) Many become victims of the holocaust when the ship is forced to return to Europe


Deaths

-6,000,000 Jews die in German death camps because the U.S. and other countries will not take in more refugees


Hate

-Prejudice against Jewish people (anti-Semitism) still existed in the U.S.


Fear

-Fear that refugees would take jobs from American workers during the depression
-Fear that the "enemy agents" might come into the country as refugees









U.S. Policy before WWII

Isolationism

-U.S. policy to take care of its own problems at home and not get involved in wars with other countries


Kellog-Briand pact (1928)

- U.S. and 61 other nations pledge never to go to war again.


"Merchants of death"

-many people believe the U.S. was led into WWI by wealthy bankers and weapons manufacturers who made a lot of money off the war


Neutrality Acts (1935)

-Congress passed laws saying the U.S. shall not sell arms or give loans to nations involved in wars or civil wars


Neutrality breaks down

-U.S. sends food and clothing to anti-fascist forces in Spain
U.S. sends arms and supplies to China


Quarantine Speech (1937)

-FDR says the U.S. should take action to contain the 10% of the world that is destroying all peace and security









America Moves Toward War
U.S. moves away from neutrality

Cash and Carry

-this allowed nations to buy the U.S. weapons if they paid cash and carry them on their own ships.

1940

U.S. greatly increases defense spending


1940 The Selective Service Act

-16 million young men registered- first peacetime military draft


1941 Lend-Lease Act

U.S. will lend or lease arms to any country whose defense was vital to the U.S. --> Britain (Ran out of cash to pay for weapons)


June 1941

Roosevelt orders U.S. Navy to protect shipments of weapons to Britain. German U-boats begin firing on U.S. navy ships. Roosevelt orders the U.S. navy to return fire when fired on by...
Germans= "Rattlesnakes of the Atlantic"