U.S. History Final

U.S. HISTORY
SEMESTER ONE FINAL
CHAPTERS 1-15

PRE-COLONIAL AMERICA-->THE NEW DEAL

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U.S. History CH. 15 Notes

New Deal Programs


Banking "Holiday"
-FDR shuts down all banks to prevent "panic" withdrawal of money


Emergency Banking Relief Act
-Govt. inspects all banls. Allows banks that are "sound" to reopen. Gave loans to banks that were unable to pay their debts


Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933
-sets up the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). The government insures all bank accounts up to $5000.


Federal Securities Act
-Requires corporations to provide complete and honest information on all stocks. Set up the Securities Exchange Commission to police and regulate the stock market.


21st Amendment
-Repeals prohibition. Allows the government to make money taxing alcohol sales


Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
-Pays farmers not to farm. Less crops=higher prices. Puts more money in farmer's pockets.


Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
-Puts young men to work (18-25) in work camps. Plant trees to prevent another Dust Bowl.


Public Works Administration (PWA)
-Millions of jobs on govt. projects


Civil Works Administration (CWA)
-Construction jobs building bridges and buildings


Federal Emergency Relief Administration
-Food and clothing to the unemployed- "direct relief"


National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
-Regulated industries to insure fair practices with workers and fair competition. Establishes standards for fair working conditions. Sets up the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to police industries.








The Second New Deal

The First New Deal is widely popular.


Midterm elections

• Democrats win big in 1934 Roosevelt launches the-"Second Hundred Days" legislation

Second New Deal

-The First New Deal did not cure the depression. The Second New Deal was created to help the farmer, worker, and "forgotten man".

Democrats win

• Eleanor Roosevelt- advocates for poor people, women and minorities. Overwhelming victory in 1936 HR 331 to 89; S 76 to 16

New AAA

--Helping farmers

• First AAA struck down by Supreme Court

-New AAA seeks similar aid to farmers as the old AAA. Also seeks to help sharecroppers, migrant workers, and poor farmers resettle on productive farmland.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

What it did: Sought to solve the problem of unemployment by creating as many jobs as possible as quickly as possible. Also employed professionals: Teachers

Artists

Musicians

National Youth Administration (NYA)

What it did: sought to provide aid and employment for young people...highly successful.

Wagner Act

What it did: Sought to protect workers

-40 hour work week

-ban on child labor

-collective bargaining is provided for- (supporting unions)

-Set up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)- to monitor unfair labor practices

Social Security Act

-Sought to provide aid and benefits to needy Americans

-old age insurance for retirees 65 or over

-unemployment compensation

-aid for blind, crippled, needy, elderly, and mothers with dependent children

Rural Electrification Admin.

-Sought to bring electricity to rural areas

Public Utilities Holding Company Act

-Sought to control corruption in the public utility industry

New Deal Under ATTACK!

Liberal critique

-The New Deal doesn't go far enough to help the poor and change the economic system

Conservative critique

-The New Deal-allows too much government control of business and interference with the free market

The Supreme Court

-declares the NIRA unconstitutional!

-Court packing-Roosevelt tries to add six new Supreme Court judges to get the "court on his side" Congress refuses to allow this.

-FDR is accused of trying to be a dictator

-Later FDR appoints 7 new judges after older judges resign

Leaders who challenge FDR

-Father Coughlin-Catholic priest who spoke on the radio about justice for the poor

Dr. Francis Townsend-Sought better care for the elderly

-Huey Long-Senator who wanted to become president. "Share the Wealth" Program

The New Deal Affects Many Groups

Women

+ On the positive side:

Women appointed to key government positions-secretary of labor- ambassador-federal judges

Discrimination

-On the negative side:

NRA wage levels lower for women

FERA, CWA hire 1 woman for every 10 men

CCC; no women hired

Women gradually work outside the home more often

New Deal Affects Many People

African Americans

-Mary McLeod Bethune organizes "Black Cabinet" to advise FDR

-Eleanor Roosevelt plays a key role in opening doors for African Americans

-Roosevelt does not support anti-lyching and anti poll tax laws

-doesn't want to alienate southern democrats

Most African Americans still consider FDR their best choice for president

Roosevelt does not support anti-lynvhing

Mexican Americans

-receive fewer benefits than African Americans

-Discriminated against by CCC and WPA

-500,000 Mexican Americans deported in the 1930s

-Mexican Americans still support FDR and the New Deal

Native Americans

-John Collier, comissioner of Indian affairs, creates Indian reorganization act of 1934

-reservation lands are protected and restored to Native American tribal ownership

Labor

-labor unions supported by the Wagner Act

-the number of union members increases greatly

-some strikers are settled with violence

Urban Population

*New Deal Programs- labor laws and work relief programs help urban poor

-FDR also supported by urban religious, ethnic groups, and political organizations

New Deal Coalition

*Women, African Americans, urban groups, workers, southern democrats, Mexican Americans

New Deal Legacy

Deficit Spending

• The government can create jobs and help the economy by taking the risk of spending even more money that it has.

National Labor Relations

• Board-protects workers. Mediates complaints and disputes between workers and owners. Workers have the right to organize unions and bargain with employers
• Securities exchange commission-minorities and polices the stock market

Federal Deposit Insurance

• Corporation-insures bank accounts up to $100,000. Keeps banks stable
• Social Security Act-provides old age insurance, unemployment insurance, aid to families with dependent children, aid to the disabled "safety net"

Tennessee Valley Authority

• New Deal (environmental problems) programs aid to help the environment and prevent soil erosion, the TVA polluted the environment through

U.S. History Notes Ch. 14

Causes of the Great Depression

I. Industries in trouble

a) Equipment becomes out of date: has to be replaced.
b) less demand for goods after WWI
c) Americans have less money to spend and are buying less.


II. Farming Crisis

Farmers produce food, more food than they are able to sell.

Crop prices decline by 50% or more

Lower prices cause farmers to go into debt and many start to lose their farms

The government tries to help with price supports.


III. Buying on easy credit

Consumers buy new appliances and products on the installment plan, with money they don't have

Investors buy stocks on margin with money they don't have

When stock prices go down investors can't pay off their loans.
Many Americans are in debt


IV. Unequal Distribution of Wealth in America

Huge industrial profits went primarily to the wealthiest few Americans

These wealthy Americans invested their money to make industries bigger and produce more goods

Most Americans remained relatively poor. They couldn't afford to buy much of anything

Industries don't have enough buyers
-lose money-
Go Bankrupt!

The Stock market Crash of 1929

Fear creates the snowball effect.

*September 1929

- a few smart investors realize that the economy is weak and begin to sell their stock

*October 24, 1929

stock market takes a plunge as many investors sell

*October 29, 1929

(Black Tuesday) Investors panic!

Stock market crashes








The Depression: key ideas

STOCK MARKET CRASHES-->BANKS SHUT DOWN-->BUSINESSES GO BANKRUPT-->PEOPLE LOSE THEIR JOBS-->UNEMPLOYMENT

Shacks

People lose their homes and live in shacks made of cardboard or scraps.
Especially in cities

Hooverville/Shantytown


Bread Lines

Many stand in line all day for their only meal from a charitable organization


Racial Tensions

Whites compete for scarce jobs with African Americans, Latinos, and Asians causing more racial tensions.

Increase in racial violence and deportations of immigrants.








The Great Depression- Key Ideas (Cont.)

The Dust Bowl

Drought, winds, and too many abandoned farms cause huge dust storms on the Great Plains.

Forces many farmers to leave their land.


"Riding the rails"

During the depression some men abandon their families: become homeless wanderers.
They ride on empty boxcars to look for work.

Women

Women were not supposed to stand on the street and ask for food. Some were so ashamed of their condition or fearful, that they stayed hidden and starved to death
Often it was twice as hard for them to find work!


Children

Poor diets
Poor health
Low government budgets mean no child welfare
Many schools close
-Child labor continues


Pyschological effects

Increased mental illness and suicides
Desire never to be poor again.








Depression- Hoover

Democrats win in midterm elections
-public opinion grows against Hoover

Measures by Hoover were too little too late:

Boulder Dam
-to help economy and create jobs

Federal Farm Board
-tried to help farmers from going bankrupt

Federal Home Loan Bank Act
Lowered mortgage rates to boost the housing industry.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Money goes to help banks and big business not the poor and unemployed

The Bonus Army
Hoover uses tear gas and violence against protesting WWI veterans- loses more public support


President Hoover Policies:
Finding solutions to problems outside goverment strengthens "real government".
Belief in "rugged individualism"-opposed any form of federal welfare and aid to the needy.
Encouraged business and labor to work together to solve the problem

Secretary of treasury Andrew Mellon: "do nothing" approach to solving the depression problems.

The depression will purge the system of its weaker elements









Minorities during the Great Depression

African Americans:
-lose jobs to whites
-riots when they take jobs as strike breakers
-CIO labor union encourages blacks not to work as strikebreakers.
Some unions begin to admit blacks


Latino Americans:
-lose jobs as agricultural workers in California and the southwest to white farmers
-many deported
-discrimination, prejudice in hiring


Asian Americans:
-cant own land
-cant find jobs except low paying work
-lose jobs to whites


All:
economic marginalizationm
-lowest paying jobs
-most undesirable jobs
-first fired
discrimination


Socialism and the American Communist Party
-membership increases
-capitalism seems to be a failure
-strongest advocates for racial injustice
-still connected to Stalinst Soviet Union
-fear of radicals and government
suppression of communists still exists in the U.S.