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U.S. History Ch. 5 Notes

The Conflict between Native Americans and Settlers in the West



1834

1. A government law said the entire Great Plains west of the Mississippi belonged to the Native Americans

1849

1. Gold in California
2. Settlers coming through Indian lands

1858

1. Gold in Colorado brings more settlers

1862

1. The Homestead Act
2. Free land to settlers who would cultivate it.
3. MORE SETTLERS.

1869

1. The Transcontinental Railroad completed.
2. Herds of buffalo got in the way of trains
3. Buffalo were source of food and clothing for Native Americans--ALL WIPED OUT!

Native Americans

Struggled to keep land and way of life

Sand Creek Massacre

1. November 29, 1864
2. Cheyenne Village
3. U.S. soldiers killed 200 MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN.

Custer's Last Stand

1. General Custer and 200 of his men tried to attack village of Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull.
2. All men were KILLED by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.

Wounded Knee Massacre

December 28, 1890

1. 300 Native American men, women, and children are slaughtered in the snow.

Cowboys in the Cattle Industry

1. The Spanish bring horses to America.
2. Later brought longhorn cattle.

Cowboys

1. Spanish Vaqueros in Mexico
2. First Cowboys
3. Drove the cattle from ranches in Southern Texas to railroads in the North.

a) Journey took about 3 months

b) Called a long drive.

Railroads

-- Growth of railroads allowed ranches in the west to ship cattle to crowded cities in the east-- DEMAND FOR BEEF INCREASES!

Chisholm Trail

1. Most famous long drive
2. To a shipping yard in Abilene, Kansas.

1883

-- Severe drought and heat killed many cattle

--Blizzards and 68º below zero temperatures KILLED MORE CATTLE.

1887

After 1887

1. Ranches raised smaller herds on enclosed ranches
2. The west became covered with private ranches

a) Fenced in with barbed wire

b) Long drives were no longer possible.

FARMERS AND THE FIRST WHITE SETTLERS ON THE GREAT PLAINS

CAUSES

RAILROADS 1850-1871

• U.S. government gives them 170 million acres
• 1869- Transcontinental Railroad completed
• Railroads sell land to attract settlers from Europe

Homestead Act of 1862

160 acres of free land to settlers who will farm it for 5 years or more

Many African Americans go west "Exodusters"

INVENTIONS!

Makes it possible for settlers to survive

1837- John Deere sells steel plow that slices through tough soil

1847- Cyrus McCormick sells reapers for harvesting wheat

PROBLEMS

Cost of farm machinery and land= DEBT

Railroads charge wetsern farmers high prices for shipping

Farmers Problems after the Civil War

Economic Problems

• Gold Standard- All paper money in America must be backed by REAL GOLD in Ft. Knox
• This is hard to do
• There isn't a lot of money around
• Money is very precious and can buy A LOT
• Deflation- The price of goods goes down

FARMERS

Railroads charge high prices

LOANS

Have to pay back with precious money

LOW PRICES

Not much income

• Grange (Oliver Kelley) Organization fights for farmer's rights
• Bimetallism- Let's back up money with silver also, so there will be more money out there. Then prices for crops will go up.
• Populist Party- A political party for farmers and working people. Led by William Jennings Bryan
• "Cross of Gold" Speech (Bryan) - Farmers and working people are being crucified on a "cross of gold". The gold standard makes bankers wealthy when people have to pay back their loans. Bimetallism allows farmers to survive.

Test Review

Extra Credit Test Review
Thursday, Oct. 16th
3:00-3:30
50 points Extra credit

U.S. History Ch. 4 Notes

"Civil War- Timeline"



U.S. History 1800-1865


1840's

1. Americans get "expansion fever"
2. Claims it is their "Manifest Destiny" to move west and take over land to the Pacific Ocean.

1838

1. Underground Railroad
2. Helps slaves escape

1848

1. Seneca Falls, NY
2. First women rights convention

1849

1. California Gold Rush brings more settlers west

1850

1. The Compromise of 1850 settled the dispute over whether the land acquired from Mexico should be slave or free states. It endorsed Popular Sovereignty- The people of each new state should decide.

1857

1. U.S. Supreme Court decides the Dred Scott Case
2. States that slaves have NO RIGHTS, even in a free state.
3. No state can deny a man his "property", including slaves
4. Southerners want to keep slaves
5. Abolitionists in north become furious

1860

1. Abraham Lincoln is elected president

Civil War Timeline (Cont.)

1861

1. Confederate States of America- Southern states
2. Jefferson Davis is president
3. April 12- The Civil War begins- Fort Sumter, South Carolina

1862

1. Antietam: September 17- 23,000 soldiers casualites in one day- 3,650 killed

1863

1. January 1- President Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation
2. Frees slaves in Confederate states
3. 180,000 African-Americans fight for the Union-- 23 win the Medal of Honor
4. November 19- Lincoln delivers his Gettysburg Address

1865

1. April 9- General Robert E. Lee and Confederacy surrender to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox
2. 13th Amendment ratified
3. Slavery is abolished

Reconstruction

Abraham Lincoln

1. Wanted to reunite the nation
2. Favored a lenient policy

a) Pardon all confederates

b) 10% plan- states can rejoin the Union if 10% of the population swears allegiance to the Union

Andrew Johnson

1. Same lenient policy
2. However, DON'T PARDON WEALTHY POWERFUL SOUTHERN LANDOWNERS.

Congress

1. Tough Policy on the South

a) Majority of the population must swear allegiance before a state is readmitted

b) Passed civil rights legislation for African Americans

c) Required Southern states to grant blacks the right to vote and ratify the 14th amendment before readmitted

Economic Conditions in the South

Southern States after the Civil War

The economy is devastated

-bonds no good

-land no value

Population is devastated.

1/5 of males killed in war.

Infrastructure devastated. Buildings, roads, bridges destroyed.

Had to increase taxes in order to rebuild

Freed Slaves Trying To Rebuild Their Lives

NO MONEY

NO JOB

NO POSSESSIONS

NO EDUCATION

NO LAND: White southerners given back their land

Forced to become SHARECROPPERS

KU KLUX KLAN

terror hatred

U.S. Supreme Court undermines 14th and 15th Amendments.

Why Congressional Reconstruction Collapsed

Reconstruction Collapses

Political scandals in Grant's administration

Economic Crisis in the North

Many just want North and South to be reunited

TROOPS PULLED OUT

Southern politicians regain control

IN-CLASS FILM GUIDLINES

• Do your work in your notebook.
• Please do not write on question sheet- do not cross out terms.
• Put the title of the film at the top of the page.
• Write the correct answer that completes each sentence.
• One point for each correct answer
• Use the "Terms and Phrases" listed at the bottom
• Spelling and capitalization count
• Do your own work- no talking during films
• Participation points will be given for paying attention and answering questions- no head down or sleeping during films

EXTRA CREDIT

• Write out the complete sentence
• Underline the answers
• ALL OR NOTHING: Extra credit will be given only if you have written all the sentences for the film and made your best effort to include answers for each question
• One point extra credit per sentence
• Extra credit will also be given for color, creativity, or drawings that relate to the topic!

U.S. History Chapter 3 Notes

"Growth of A New Nation"

Timeline

1793

1. Samuel Slater- establishes first textile factory in the U.S.
2. Beginning of the Industrial Revolution
3. Eli Whitney- invents the cotton gin
4. Cotton industry grows in South
5. Slavery increases

1800

1. Thomas Jefferson- elected president
2. Simple decentralized government

1803

1. John Marshall- U.S. Supreme Court Justice
2. Marbury v. Madison- establishes judicial review
3. Supreme court can declare acts of Congress and the President unconstitutional- "Judicial review"
4. Lewis and Clark- explore Louisiana territory

1812

1. War of 1812 "War hawks" in the south and west demand war after British impressments of U.S. sailors at sea.
2. War again against Great Britain
3. August 1814- British destroy Washington D.C.
4. Jan. 8, 1815- Andrew Jackson and U.S. troops win Battle of New Orleans

1820

1. Missouri Compromise- No slave states allowed above 36°30’ north latitude
2. Differing views between the North and South states
3. Struggle for the Union of our country

1823

1. Monroe Doctrine- President Monroe
2. Warns European powers not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere.
3. U.S. will not interfere in Europe

Timeline (cont.)

1828

1. Andrew Jackson- elected president
2. Supports common people of the South and West vs. wealthy Northern industrialists

1830

1. Trail of Tears- Native Americans in the South are removed to the west by President Jackson
2. White settlers want land for profit
3. Many die

1845

1. John L. O'Sullivan uses term Manifest Destiny
2. Americans have a divine right to spread their culture

a. Native American and Mexican lands

b. All the way to Pacific ocean

1836

1. U.S. settlers stream west

a. Oregon Trail

b. Santa Fe Trail

2. March 6- Texas lose battle of the Alamo to Mexico

3. July- Texas wins independence

a. Sam Houston- first elected president

1846

1. War with Mexico begins under U.S. president Polk

1848

1. February 2- Treaty of Guadalupe
2. U.S. agrees to pay Mexico $15 million

a. California

b. Nevada

c. New Mexico

d. Utah

e. Wyoming

f. most of Colorado

3. June 6- Gold Rush to California begins

Reform Movements in the Early 1800s

Abolitionist Movement

1. By 1820s- Americans start to call for an end to slavery
2. Mostly in the North

William Lloyd Garrison

1. Strongest voice against slavery
2. Published The Liberator newspaper

Frederick Douglass

1. Former slave, escaped to freedom
2. Self- educated
3. Excellent speaker
4. Spoke out against slavery

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1. Organized 50 slaves
2. Revolted and killed 60 whites (1831)
3. Fear of slaves rebellions in the South

Uncle Tom's Cabin

1. 1852- Harriet Beecher Stowe writes a huge bestseller novel about the cruelty of slsvery

Sojourner Truth

1. Former Slave
2. Powerful speaker against slavery and women's rights

Seneca Falls Convention

1. 1848- Equality for women
2. Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Women

1. Became more a more powerful force
2. Worked in reform movements for change in America

The Market Revolution

Americans make what they need for themselves

Americans buy and sell to get what they need

SHOES- CLOTHES- TOOLS

Inventions

*1837- Telegraph, Samuel F.B. Morse

*1807- Steamboat, Robert Fulton

*1816-1860- Canals

*steel plows- John Deere

*Reaper- Cyrus McCormick

*Cotton gin- Eli Whitney

Factories/Manufacturing

*Huge machines powered by steam

*Factories grew in Northern cities while south stuck with cotton and agriculture

*Textile mills are the first factories

Factories

workers

1845- Immigrants- Irish potato famine

Poor working conditions

Low pay

strikes

National Trades Union

First unions organized

Commonwealth V. Hunt

First case supporting unions

U.S. HISTORY TEST REVIEW

Thursday, 3:30-4:00
50 points E/C

U.S. History Ch. 2 Notes

The French And Indian War



Causes

1. Britain and France compete to build world empires

2. The French establish New France in the heart of the continent

3. British colonists want to expand west to the Ohio River Valley

4. British try to move French off the land




Effects

1. Britain defeats France

2. Britain claims Canada and all of North America east of Mississippi

3. Spain receives New Orleans and land west of Mississippi

4. Native Americans suffer under British discrimination

5. Britain bans colonists from moving to Native American Territory: The Proclamtion of 1763





Colonial Resistance and Rebellion


Britsh Parliament passed in order to...

Stamp Act(1765)
To pay for DEBTS.
Tax on paper items.



Townshend Act(1767)
To continue to get revenue $$ from the colonies.
Tax on imports.



Tea Act(1773)
To save British East India Tea Company from bankruptcy.
Only E.I.T. did not have to pay tax.




Intolerable Acts(1774)
To punish colonies for the Boston Tea Party.
To control Massachusetts.





Colonists responded by...

• Stamp Act Congress
• Protests
• Boycotts of British goods
• Organized "Sons of Liberty"

• Protests
• Demonstrations
• Boycotts of British Goods

• Boston Tea Party
• Dumped 18,000 lbs of British Tea into Boston Harbor

• Meet in First Continental Congress
• Secretly form mintutemen militia

British responded to colonists by...

Parliament Repeals the Stamp Act.

• Stationed more troops in Boston to enforce
• Decided it would cost more to enforce than the tax was worth
• REPEALED.

• Pass the "Intolerable Acts"
• Shut down Boston Harbor
• More troops quartered in Boston

• 1775- British seize weapons in Concord
• Battles of Lexington and Concord

Road to Revolution

Battle of Lexington- April 19, 1775

Battle of Concord- April 1775

May 1775:

-Second Continental Congress

-George Washington appointed general

-Olive Branch Petition sent to Britain

Bunker Hill- June 17, 1775

King George rejects petition- declares colonies in rebellion

Declaration of Independence

British laws and rights

Religious Tradition

- God-given rights and equality

Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"

Ancient Greek democracy

John Locke

-Natural Rights

-Social Contract- government only by consent

Jean Jaques Rousseau

-All men are equal

AFRICAN-AMERICANS, WOMEN, AND NATIVE AMERICANS NOT INCLUDED

Written by Thomas Jefferson

July 4th, 1776- Adopted by the Second Continental Congress

HARSH MEASURES OF THE BRITISH THAT LEAD TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

• Proclamation of 1763
• Stamp Tax- 1765
• Townshend Import Tax-1767
• Tea Act
• Stationing and quartering of the troops in the colonies
• The Boston Massacre-1770
• Blockade of the port of Boston-1774
• Britain takes over the government of Massachusetts
• Rejection of the Olive Branch Petition

ACTIONS TAKEN BY THE AMERICAN COLONISTS

• Stamp Act Congress
• Sons of Liberty
• Committes of Correspondance- 1772
• The Boston Tea Party
• First Continental Congress- 1774
• Battles of Lexington and Concord- April 1775
• Second Continental Congress- 1775
• Declaration of Independence- July 4th, 1776

The American Revolution

Loyalists

Colonists who still supported Great Britain

Patriots

Supporters of American Independence

Saratoga

Major British defeat after being surrounded by American troops

French Alliance

French openly support the American Revolution

Valley Forge

U.S. soldiers suffer cold and hunger during winter, waiting for French to arrive

Lafayette/Roschambeau

French generals who helped Washington

Yorktown

1. Cornwallis defeated

2. British surrender- October 19, 1781

Treaty of Paris

September 1783- Peace treaty with Britain

The Articles of Confederation

Govermental Structure

Confederation of States

Each state had one vote in congress

Regardless of population or number of representatives

Individual State Court System-

No U.S. Supreme Court

National Government

Single House of Congress

Had control over armed forces and western territories

Could request financial donations from states; could NOT levy taxes

*power resided in states

Making Changes

Passing laws required 9 of 13 states' consent

Amending the Articles required approval from congress and unanimous approval from the states

Weaknesses of the Government

Central Government had no power over states

Couldn't enforce taxation

Couldn't coin money

Couldn't regulate trade within US or with foreign nations

Difficult to make laws or amendments

No national leadership- no Executive Branch, no President

Country in economic depression

Govt. lacks power to do anything

• States disputed over borders and tariffs on imported goods

Key Conflicts in creating the Constitution

• How should large and small states be represented in the goverment?
• What should be done about representing the population of slaves, especially in the south?
• Which should have more power, the states, or the federal government?
• How do we protect against any one person or branch of government from having too much power?
• How do we protect the rights of citizens from a powerful central government?
• How do we create a flexible constitution that can change over time?

Resolving Key Conflicts in the U.S. Constitution

Representation

1. Large and small states represented in governments

2. Congress- Legislative Branch

3. House of Representative- By population

4. Senate- 2 per state

Slaves

1. Were counted as 3/5 of a person

2. No rights under the constitution

3. Changed after 1868

Federal System

1. Granted certain powers to the central government

-- Made it strong

2. Reserved some powers for the states only

Seperation of Powers

1. 3 branches with checks & balances

2. No person or part of government has too much power

3. Executive- President

4. Legislative- Congress

5. Judicial- Supreme Court

Bill of Rights

1. Rights of citizens are protected against powerful U.S. government

2. First 10 amendments

3. 1789

Change

1. U.S. constitution is "elastic"

2. It changes through time

a. Not too detailed

b. Changed by amendment

c. Not easy to change/amend the constitution

• Federalists- Supported the new constitution. Believed the country needed a strong central government.
• Anti- Federalists- Opposed the new constitution. Were concerned about a strong central government abusing its power.
• Ratification- 9 OF 13 STATES (2/3) MUST APPROVE AND RATIFY THE NEW CONSTITUTION.

Amendments 1-10

Bill of Rights

Amendment #1

1. Religious and Political Freedom
2. Government may not establish a religion--require that everyone be the same religion. Or prohibit any particular religion.
3. Freedom of speech, press, & assembly

Amendment #5

1. Can't be forced to testify against oneself
2. Government can't take property w/o paying you for it

Amendment #13

Abolished slavery

Amendment #14

All citizens entitled to "due process" and "equal protection" of the law

Amendment #15

Right to vote cannot be denied due to race

Amendment #18

Prohibits sale of alcohol

Amendment #19

Women's right to vote

Amendment #21

Amendment 18 repealed

Amendment #22

No person can serve more than 2 terms (8 years)

Amendment #24

1. No poll taxes
2. Can't be forced to pay money to vote

Amendment #26

1. 18-year-olds allowed to vote

Starting A New United States Government

George Washington

1st President

Cabinet

President's Chief Advisors

• Department of State

Thomas Jefferson ( Had A Different View)

• Fear of absolute power or ruler
• Limited national government
• Faith in common people and people's ability to govern themselves

Democratic- Republicans ( One of the First Political Parties)

• Department of Treasury

Alexander Hamilton ( Had A Different View)

• Fear of mob rule
• Strong national government
• Supported by wealthy merchants and landowners

Federalists ( One of the First Political Parties)

• Department of War

Henry Knox

"Necessary and Proper" Clause- Of the constitution allowed the first congress to pass the Judiciary Act of 1789 which set up the federal court system